k. ebrahimi

Drought, as an environmental crisis, not only impacts ecosystems but also poses risks to human activities and has significant negative effects. The occurrence of intermittent and prolonged droughts, along with significant fluctuations in climate, exacerbates water scarcity, particularly in surface water resources; thus, groundwater resources play a key role as a vital source for supplying water for various consumption needs.Groundwater drought is one of the serious and increasing challenges that has been acutely felt in recent years. Climate change and increasing water demand in agricultural and industrial sectors has led to increase dextraction from groundwater sources,significantly affecting many plains and groundwater resources in the country, resulting in severe depletion. This has consequently led to water crises and recurrent droughts. Therefore, understanding the relationship between drought and the status of groundwater resources is crucial. This issue not only impacts agriculture and food security but also has negative effects on public health, the economy, and the environment. For this reason, proper and sustainable management of these resources in the face of drought challenges is essential.

The examination of hydrogeological droughts and the monitoring of groundwater levels is essential for providing appropriate solutions for the protection and management of water resources.In the present study, the Groundwater Resource Index (GRI) was used to assess groundwater drought in the Qazvin Plain. Additionally, to explore the relationship between the GRI and the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) across different time scales, the correlation coefficient between the two indices was calculated. Subsequently, the GRI was localized within the plain by analyzing its values across various monitoring wells.

The high correlation between the GRI index and the SPI drought index over a 48-month timeframe indicated that groundwater resources in the Qazvin plain were influenced by both wet and dry weather phenomena, with a time lag of approximately three to six months before meteorological drought translated into groundwater drought. Eslamian et al. (2009) also reported a three-month time lag for the effects of drought on the groundwater resources of the Qazvin, Buin Zahra, and Hamadan plains in their research.

The localization study of the GRI index in the Qazvin Plain region concluded that the index is highly responsive for assessing and evaluating groundwater drought. It effectively identified wet and dry years and showed a strong alignment with the behavior of the groundwater table. The analysis of drought during the years from 1996-2001 also illustrated that the impacts of drought continued into subsequent years on groundwater resources, and according to the GRI index, the decline in groundwater levels persisted in later years. This was evident even with increased precipitation in 2002 and thereafter, where we continued to witness declines and the ongoing trend of groundwater drought.

Hazen-William’s equation is usually used to determine the hydraulic head loss when designing drip irrigation systems. The mentioned equation is suggested for pipes with diameters greater than 75 mm and flow rates above 2.3 l/s. However, lateral pipes with 16 to 32 mm diameters are generally used for trickle irrigation. In this case, the calculated hydraulic head loss is lower than the actual hydraulic head loss, and subsequently, the hydraulic pressure at the desired point will be lower than the required value. In other words, the output flow from the droppers will be reduced, and the water distribution uniformity will be less than expected. Herein, using laboratory models and polyethylene pipes with a diameter of 16, 20, 25, and 32 mm, the amount of hydraulic loss was measured for different flow rates and according to the permissible velocity limits. Hydraulic pressures were measured using a data logger, with one record for each second, and the discharge was adjusted volumetrically. A bypass pipe was installed on the physical model to control the discharge and the hydraulic pressure. The amount of hydraulic head loss was measured for different flow rates in the permissible flow velocity range (1-2 m/s). Then, by analyzing the recorded data, a new relationship was obtained that calculates the amount of hydraulic head loss in 16 to 32-mm pipes as a flow rate and pipe diameter function. The Hazen-Williams equation was compared with the results of Moody, Churchill, and Colebrook methods and the actual measured values. According to the results, the most significant error between the measured and the calculated head loss was for the Colebrook & White equation for the 25 mm pipe, and the smallest error was for the same equation for the 32 mm pipe. The obtained relationship is recommended for polyethylene pipes with a diameter of 16 to 32 mm and a Reynolds number above 2000 with high confidence. One of the advantages of the obtained relationship is its independence from the Hazen-Williams roughness coefficient and its remarkable accuracy.

In this study, the accuracy of the Adaptive Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) in integrating with the Gray Wolf Algorithm (ANFIS-GWO) in predicting groundwater level was evaluated for the first time using unpublished observational data from 1998 to 2018 in the Zarandieh aquifer, central Iran. Three observational wells were randomly selected for analysis. Assessment of evaluation criteria demonstrated that among the proposed scenarios using the hybrid model, the D scenario was selected as the optimal scenario with input data including the previous month's groundwater level, precipitation, temperature, and groundwater extraction. In the D scenario, parameters including MAPE, RMSE, and NASH were 0.29 m, 0.47 m, and 0.99, respectively for the first observational well. Also, C scenario with input data including the previous month's groundwater level, precipitation, and groundwater extraction for the second observational well, for the same parameters mentioned above equal to 0.20 m, 0.26 m, and 0.99. As well for the third observational well, the A scenario with input data including the previous month's groundwater level for the same parameters equal to 0.29 m, 0.41 m, and 0.99 as the optimal scenarios were selected using the ANFIS-GWO model. Based on the results, the Gray wolf algorithm in training the ANFIS model was able to reduce the average forecast error by equal to 0.03 (RMSE) and 0.02 (MAPE) meter and increased the average NASH value equal to 0.01 and increased the accuracy of predictions.

Protection of rivers’ water quality as the most accessible source of the water supply has always been considered. In this paper, self-purification and the pollution decay coefficient values of Talar River, IRAN were studied based on field measurement of DO, BOD, pH, EC, Nitrate, Phosphate, and Temperature, in four seasons of the year 2018, in tandem with the river simulation and its calibration using QUAL2Kw model and the Streeter-Phelps method. In addition to the modeling and analysis results, the measured laboratory data values of the river water samples are also presented. Based on the results, the DO variations were ranged from 5.15 in summer to 7.47 mg/l in spring and BOD variations ranged from 1.88 in fall to 7.9 mg/l in summer. Also, according to the Streeter-Phelps method the decay coefficient values varied from 1.57 (1/day) in spring to 9.63 (1/day) in fall. The values of the Talar River decay coefficient also varied from 2 in fall to 7.7 (1/day) in summer involving the QUAL2Kw model.

The most common etiology of gingivitis is accumulation of bacterial plaque. The complete removal of microbial plaques by mechanical procedures is not possible in some situations, for example the aged and disabled patients, might not be capable of removing the bacterial plaques properly. And also chemical mouthwashes have some adverse effects. Therefore, finding a new treatment approach would be helpful. Global focus on the use of herbal medicine in the treatment of different health conditions has been rising. Present study aimed at searching and gathering scientific evidence of medicinal herbs to treat gingivitis and periodontitis.

This article is a review of an electronic search of the literature which was conducted mostly through PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Wiley online library databases. Studies were considered for inclusion if they evaluated medicinal herbs affecting gingival and periodontal inflammation or periodontal pathogens.197 full text article were evaluated and finally, based on the inclusion criteria 22 articles were selected.

There are various medical herbs with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, which can significantly reduce gingival and periodontal inflammation, bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD) and levels of major periodontal pathogens and promote clinical attachment level (CAL) gain.

Introduced herbal products could be an efficient and safe alternative to chemical products.

Water is the most crucial factor for agricultural development. Therefore, the economic evaluation of water resources is critical. The purpose of this paper was to determine the economic value of water resources, to evaluate the financial efficiency and to decide on the price of agricultural water in Arak plain. For this purpose, the economic value of water resources for wheat, barley, alfalfa and corn was identified in 2015- 2016, using the mathematical model developed in this research. The results showed that the financial efficiency was calculated for three alternatives: free-cost water, water cost equal to the 10% of the calculated price and water cost equal to the exact calculated price.  The irrigation efficiency of 40% financial efficiency was 2.38%, 1.68% and 0.47% , respectively, for the  aformentioned methods, and  the irrigation efficiency of 70% financial efficiency was 2.07, 1.92 and 0.71, respectively. Also, the sensitivity analysis of the financial efficiency was performed, with 10% change in the farmers income and costs. The results also revealed that irrigation efficiency and financial efficiency were not aligned when farmers had free water; however, they were aligned when the farmer paid 10% of the calculated price. Financial efficiency was more sensitive to changes in the farmers income when compared to the changes in costs.

In determining the allocation of water resources, the probable conditions of water resources and water demands are considered as the water allocation scenarios in the basin scale. Then, these scenarios are evaluated in the context of integrated water resources management and from the perspective of sustainable development indicators. The best scenario is selected in order to determine the water allocations. In these evaluations, there are spatial distributions and their interactions are simultaneously the key charaterictics in the decision matrix. These features are not often considered in the evaluation process. In the present study, distributed indicators and simple and integrated multi-criteria evaluation models, including ANP and CP methods, were used to evaluate the water allocation scenarios in the Aras Basin. The results showed that modeling of the spatial distribution and interactions of water allocation impacts was not possible through any of the simple multi-criteria evaluation methods. Simplifying and discarding one or two key features in the evaluation process can lead to significant uncertainties on rankings with a Spearman coefficient of -0.1. By implementing the integrated spatial decision-making approach and applying two features simultaneously, the fourth scenario was ranked first. The proposed approach was compared with the individual models, showing more accurate, with the correlation coefficients of 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7.

Visualization of the science has a significant role in discovering the latent patterns of scientific fields, especially in interdisciplinary and new fields. This study aimed to identify major research approaches to health information technology (HIT) worldwide with the purpose of scientific mapping of new developments in health information technology based on WoS articles and helping the research and educational activities related to future studies.

Scientometrics was used in this descriptive study. For this purpose, worldwide HIT references were extracted from the WoS database between 2010 and 2017 (5301 articles). Then, articles were analyzed in HistCite 12.03.17.

Based on the extracted articles, six primary clusters of HIT were identified. The primary category concerned the cost-benefit of information systems, especially the Electronic Health Record (EHR). Secondary clusters included the following areas: acceptance and failure of information systems and implementation issues; HIT challenges in security and confidentiality along with the impacts on medical ethics; the role of HIT in improving the quality of health services; the interoperability of EHR and the future usability of HIT area such as Telemedicine & Telehealth.

Cost and benefit of information systems were the main area of research in the field of health information technology based on WoS articles. This issue has been closely related to the success and failure of information systems and attention to the usability of health information systems.

Simulation of self-purification and investigation the pollutant decay coefficient of rivers is one of the most important requirements of surface water resources pollution monitoring and treatment. In this paper, self-purification capacity and the pollutant decay coefficient values of Babolrood River, IRAN, was investigated based on field measurements of qualitative parameters including; DO, BOD, pH, EC, nitrate, phosphate and temperature in four seasons, 2018. To achieve this aim, QUAL2Kw software used. In this paper not only the modelling results and analyzes are presented but the measured data of the studied river are also presented, which can be used in the future researches. Based on the results, the average amount of dissolved oxygen of Babolrood River in all seasons except summer are varied between 6.55 and 7.65 mg/l, while the average of that is equal to 5.93 mg/l in summer. Also, the average value of BOD in summer, due to an increase in temperature, is recorded equal to 3.17 mg/l and in other seasons were recorded between 2.17 to 2.93 mg/l. The decay coefficient of the Babolrood River was estimated equal to 5.5(1/day) in summer and in other seasons it varied between 0.5 and 4(1/day), applying QUAL2Kkw simulations. According to the dissolved oxygen diagram and involving the Streeter-Phelps method, no reduction in dissolved oxygen during spring and fall, in this river, was recorded. However, in winter and summer, the dissolved oxygen was reduced to 6.5 and 5.7 mg/l, respectively.

Groundwater resources play an essential role in water supply for drink, griculture, and industry sectors. Nowadays, for various reasons, such as urban and opulation growth, indiscriminate use of fertilizers and chemical poisons, groundwater resources have been populated. Therefore, studying the pollutions and their fate and preventing groundwater resources from the pollutants is necessary. In this research study, a laboratory physical model has been designed and performed in order to obtain enough data of pollution movement in homogeneous porous media. In other words, the main aim of this paper is to track the distribution of a conservative tracer in porous media in a laboratory-scale model to estimate the longitudinal and transverse dispersion coefficients. In this study, non-cohesive sands were used to create the porous media body in the laboratory model, and the grain diameter of the sand was 1-2.5 mm. Salt with concentrations of 5, 7.5, and 10 gr/l was used as a tracer. The porosity of the sand was measured equal to 39\%, and the hydraulic conductivity of that was measured equal to 172.26 cm/hr using the constant load test. In order to control changes of flow velocity, to minimize test errors, a constant head of water was created over the entrance of the sand body. The flow velocity was measured equal to 1.21 mm/sec. An EC-meter apparatus was used to measure the EC values of the tracer inside model; then, these data were used to calculate the concentration of tracer in different points over time, during each test. Then, the values of the concentration were compared with those of concentration which were obtained from the analytical solution of Fick's second law. Root Mean Square Error criterion (RMSE) was used to compare the measured and calculated mentioned data. According to the results, the values of the longitudinal coefficient tracer for the studied conditions, concentrations of 5, 7.5, and 10 gr/l, obtained 3.36e-6, 3.08e-6, and 3.52e-6 for transverse coefficients 6.58e-7, 6.49e-7, and 6.79e-7 m2/s, respectively.

Human activities and changing in land-use can affect geo-hydrological processes. This paper investigates historical land-use changes over Golestan multilayer aquifer, Northern IRAN, and their impacts on recharges of both phreatic and confined layers. To achieve this goal, three historical land-use maps of 1984, 2005 and 2013 were used. Also the effects of land-use changes on runoff generation potential and groundwater direct recharge have been evaluated using SCS method. Results show deforestation in mountainous region and urbanization in the plain are the most critical problems of the studied area. Forest and rangeland areas in the mountainous district decreased 8.7 and 4 percent, respectively, and totally added to agricultural lands. Effect of land-use changes on groundwater recharge was found to be more than runoff generation and confined layer is more impressed. In recent 30 years, land use changes caused reduction in natural recharge of confined and phreatic layers up to 18.12 and 12.40 percent, respectively. On the other hand, runoff generation potential increased by 14.14 and 4.23 percent, respectively.

Mismatching between human resources with capacity of the facilities and failure of capacity building of human resources is the main reason behind lack of efficiency in hospitals. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the allocation of human resources in general university hospitals that located in the cities of East Azerbaijani province. In order to inform health care managers of Status of Man power Distribution.

This Retrospective cross-sectional study�has compared the situation Of Distribution of human resources in general University hospitals in the cities of East Azerbaijan province with the standard criteria. The data collected by data collection form and analyzed by SPSS software.

Ratio of staff to active beds in all reviewed hospitals is 1/7 that Correspond with ministerial standard but the allocation and distribution of resources in the reviewed groups are in disarray.

Manpower distribution in Reviewed hospitals is unfair and unreasonable. Providing an updated and efficient information system to deal with problems and shortcomings of the existing human resources helps university administrators optimize allocation and distribution of resources based on the standards and the actual needs of hospitals (evidence based and data) and also preventing the Accumulation of human capital in some units and severe shortage of human capital in others.

The self-purification capacity of rivers is a function of time, space, nature, intensity of the pollution load and the condition of the river bed. Evaluating a river self-purification rate requires determination of the dissolved oxygen levels. The level of pollution and oxygen shortages at critical points along the river should be investigated. In the other words, the estimation of river contaminants is based on the selfpurification capacity. The Streeter-Phelps method is a well-known approach for evaluating the level of dissolved oxygen in a river and it can be restricted to ignore advection and dispersion terms. It is possibleto model the self-purification process knowing the aquatic parameters and pollutants. In this paper, the basic Streeter-Phelps equation has been analytically solved. Advection and dispersion terms have been included in the equation to increase the accuracy of the predictions. The new equation was then modeled using FTCS, Upstream, Lax & Wendroff, and QUICKEST numerical methods. A 2 km section of the Pasikhan River was chosen for field testing and the required water samples were taken and lab tested forDO, BOD5, NO3 and PO4. The analytical and numerical results for predicting dissolved oxygen were compared with the field data. The results showed that all numerical predictions were in good agreement with the measured data, but the Upstream method showed the best results. Furthermore, the results indicated that the numerical methods performed better than the Streeter-Phelps base model. This may have been caused by the addition of the advection and dispersion terms to the Streeter-Phelps base model.