m. karbasi

Planning for the success of students in the world is one of the priorities of teaching English in the secondary schools in Asia. The improvement of the English reader's skills to understand the actual needs defined as the +language by representing the events of the world in language learning milieu based on educational technology is in progress. Although extending the sense in the scenes of serious games is done for easy language learning, the active visual and verbal working memory of students has not been considered as an effective factor in reading. This study endeavored to investigate the allocation of sensory weight in virtual reality games for teaching English reading to Asian students with different working memory abilities.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted by selecting 916 male and female students from secondary schools. Using parallel-group design, students participated in the working memory tests. These Iranian (N = 612) and non-Iranian (Pakistani, N = 204; Iraqi, N= 40, and Kashmiri, N = 64) were studying in the 10th grade of the second year of high school and were enrolled in language institute to learn English in the fall semester of academic year 2022-2023. In order to ensure homogeneity of the participants according to the level of English proficiency, a junior TOEFL test was administered, and students whose English proficiency score was between one standard deviation higher and one standard deviation lower than the mean were selected to take part in the study. The scores of the participants' working memory test were converted into standard scores with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one. Based on the working memory capacity, the participants were placed in one of the active memory quadrants. Then, they were randomly divided into intact and experimental groups to learn English reading online or through virtual reality games in 14 sessions. In each session, first, the main researcher taught English reading passages to the participants using Skyroom educational software for 30 minutes. Then, online or virtual reality-based activities were provided to students to practice reading skills for 20 minutes. Participants were assessed formatively each session and a score of 0-20 was recorded for each student. The participants expressed their experience of the senses in the course of reading in each session verbally.

The results of the analysis of repeated measures ANCOVA showed that extending the sense in teaching English readers through virtual reality games significantly facilitated students' learning. Adding auditory sense to scenes of virtual reality game significantly improved the reading progress of students who had high verbal working memory capacity. Although psychological and real-life categories were emphasized in the interviews, students with high working memory underlined the sense extension as useful for learning English reading in relation to the surrounding world.Conclusion The findings of this study revealed that extending the sense in virtual reality games is beneficial for learning English reading when it is in line with students' working memory. The correct allocation of the sense in the scenes of virtual reality games results in the use of English reading in the world, namely + language.

Plasma electrolytic oxidation coating has emerged as a relatively new method to increase the corrosion resistance of metals. This research aims to improve the corrosion resistance of coatings applied on pure titanium substrate by optimizing the parameters of the coating process. For this purpose, the experiments were designed using the fractional factorial design method to determine the determinants of a response. The main factors of the process include electrolyte concentration, electrical parameters (current density, frequency and duty cycle) and treatment time at two different levels. The microstructural and phase analysis of the coating were carried out using Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Corrosion behavior of coatings in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyze. Statistical analysis showed that the optimal conditions can be obtained in the concentration of 5 g/L sodium phosphate, 4 g/L potassium hydroxide, current density 6 amps/square meter, duty cycle 80%, frequency 1000 Hz, and treatment time of 10 min.

Reference crop evapotranspiration is one of the most important and effective factors for optimizing agricultural water consumption and water resources management. Forecasting of daily reference evapotranspiration can be used for short-term planning of irrigation water requirements. In recent years the use of artificial neural networks and wavelet-neural hybrid model has become very popular in the forecasting of hydrological parameters. The aim of the present study is to use artificial neural network and wavelet-neural network models to forecast reference evapotranspiration in the range of 1 to 28 days ahead at Tabriz synoptic station. For this purpose, a 10-year period (2000 to 2009), 7 years (2000-2006) for training and 3 years (2007- 2009) to test and validation were considered. To create daily reference evapotranspiration time series at the given period, standard equation Penman-Monteith 56 is used. Different combinations of input data (various delays) and various mother wavelets were used. Results of reference evapotranspiration forecasts for a one day ahead, showed that the wavelet-ANN model (RMSE=0.07 mm/day and R=0.999) compared to the artificial neural network model (RMSE=0.69 mm/day and R=0.964) has higher accuracy in forecasting of reference evapotranspiration. The results showed that the use of time delays of 1 to 7 (M7) and 1 to 6 (M6) days can provide the highest accuracy and fewer delays and delays from one year to two years can reduce the accuracy of the models. Comparison of mother wavelets showed that Meyer wavelet due to greater complexity and similarity to the time series of reference evapotranspiration would increase the accuracy of forecasting. To forecast reference evapotranspiration in 2 to 28 days ahead, the wavelet-neural network with Meyer wavelet model was used. The results showed that the increasing of the forecasting period from 2 to 28 days would decrease the accuracy of models (R is ranged from 0.997 to 0.929 for 2 and 28 days ahead). Also, at forecasting 2 to 12 days, annual delays reduced the accuracy of the model, while at 13 to 28-day annual delay increased the accuracy of models. Finally, to compare the models, statistically, t and F tests were performed to compare the mean and variance. The comparison showed that in all the proposed models, at 99 and 95 percent levels, there was no significant difference between the results and observations. The results of this study can be used in irrigation scheduling at study area.

Proper assessment of dental status and understanding the causes of teeth decay and needs of different age groups play an important role in determining the health status and health plan of comm. -unities. This study aimed to explore the pre-valence and causes of dental caries in 2-6 years old children of Kashan city in 2010.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 310 children، aged 2-6 years، in Kashan city during 2010. Sampling was made through a two-staged and randomized procedure. Data were collected from dental examination and completed questionnaires and then was analyzed using SPSS software program. The relationships between dmft index and underlying variables were examined by the non-parametric tests، Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis.

results of the study showed 51. 3% of 2-6 years old children and 70% of 5-6 years old children had no tooth caries. And the mean of dmft index was obtained to be 2. 34 ± 1. 57. There was a significant relationship between tooth caries and the type of consumed milk (p. v=0. 002)، milk consumption period (p. v=0. 025)، brushing the teeth by mother (p. v= 0. 004)، brushing age (p. v=0. 004)، brushing frequency (p. v=0. 042)، flossing frequency (p. v=0. 025)، and children trend toward candy foods (p. v=0. 000). Discussion & Conclusion sy: Since the rate of CF among children aged 5-6 years old in the population under study is far away the international standards of WHO، health professionals can provide the nece-ssary guidelines and training programs reg-arding preventive health behaviors and eating habits for parents and children. They could also strengthen the cultural beliefs، introduce and support consulting services stems and promote children oral health in community.