mohammad azizzadeh

Camel trypanosomiasis, caused by various haemoprotozoan parasites, is a devastating disease with severe health impacts. Trypanosoma evansi, the most prevalent parasite in camels, causes surra disease, transmitted mechanically by biting flies without an intermediate host. Clinical manifestations include intermittent fever, anemia, loss of body condition, edema, and abortion in infected animals. This study utilized real-time PCR to detect T. evansi in dromedary camels in Golestan province, northern Iran. Using random cluster sampling, 48 blood samples were collected from camels in four counties: Gonbad-e-Kavoos, Kalaleh, Agh-ghala, and Gomishan. Real-time PCR detected T. evansi in 6 samples (12.5%; 95% CI: 3.2-21.8). In Gonbad-e-Kavoos, Agh-ghala, and Kalaleh, 2 out of 12 samples (16.6%) tested positive in each county, while no positive samples were found in Gomishan. High sensitivity and specificity diagnostic techniques are crucial for detecting and controlling the disease. This study confirms the prevalence of T. evansi in Golestan province and demonstrates the utility of real-time PCR for its detection and control.

In this study, 30 native adult male dogs, with body weight ranging from 18-63 kg and 12-60 month age without any abnormal clinical signs of testicular disease were included. All dogs were recruited in this study after screening ultrasonography, clinical examination and routine hematological examination. Ultrasonography was performed without use of sedation or anesthesia in both sagittal and transverse view using 10 MHz linear transducer. Testicular length, height, width and volume as well as maximum internal diameter of the abdominal aorta caudal to the deep circumflex iliac artery in sagittal plane were measured. No significant correlation was seen between testicular dimension and testicular dimension/aorta ratio with age and weight. Coefficient of Variance calculation showed higher percentage in dimension/aorta ratio in comparison with testicular dimension. No significant difference was seen between measurements of the right and left testis. Testicular height measured on the transverse view represented higher value related to longitudinal view Reference range for each parameter was reported based on Robust method analyzing. In conclusion, based on calculated CV, evaluation of the testicular size based on testicular dimension is better than testicular dimension/aorta ratio in ultrasonography examination.

Cancer is a widespread disease of various types worldwide that affects many people. Today, titanium dioxide nanoparticles have substantial therapeutic applications. We investigated how harmful titanium dioxide is to breast cancer cells. MCF-7 cancer cells and HFF cell lines were cultured. The survival of cells exposed to different amounts of titanium dioxide nanoparticles was tested. The examined concentrations were 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/ml. The survival rate was measured after 48 and 72 hours and IC50 was determined. We found that the highest toxicity occured  while MCF-7 and HFF cells were exposed to 200 μg/ml of titanium dioxide. Apoptosis in MCF-7 and HFF cells emerged as shown with Annexin V-PI staining and flow cytometry. Under a microscope, it was found that titanium dioxide nanoparticles could be harmful in specific amounts. At a dose of 200 μg/ml, after 48 and 72 hours of treatment, MCF-7 and HFF cells were affected. The mitochondrial membrane broke when breast cells were exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The matrix leaked into the cytoplasm, and the rough endoplasmic reticulum swelled. These observations occurred after 72 hours of treatment with a concentration of 200 µg/ml. Considering the acquired effects, titanium dioxide nanoparticles may be advocated as potential medicinal candidates for pharmaceutical purposes even though further research is required.

Respiratory and cardiovascular diseases are pigeons' most common health problems, which usually change cardiac size. This study aimed to establish a normal radiographic reference value for cardiac size in pigeons. After clinical and radiographic (lateral and ventrodorsal views) evaluations of 27 adult pigeons, the indices below were measured: the cardiac and thoracic widths, the space between the third and fourth ribs on the left and right sides, the synsacrum width, the coracoids width on both sides and the distance between both femoral heads and the clavicles. The ratio between cardiac width and the mentioned indices has been calculated. A linear regression test evaluated the correlation of anatomical indices with cardiac width. The results indicated a significant positive correlation between cardiac width and thoracic width, with the distance between the femoral head, synsacrum width, and the distance between clavicles. Regression models showed a significant association between thoracic and synsacrum width and cardiac width. However, sex and weight factors were not correlated with cardiac width and were removed from the models. However, in regression models with a significant correlation between the distance of both femoral heads and between clavicles with cardiac width, the sex factor was correlated with the dependent variable and was not omitted from regression models. Thus, the results and values obtained from this study can be used as a normal cardiac size of pigeons in radiology to diagnose cardiomegaly in this bird.

Cryptosporidium is one of the major causes of diarrhea in animals and humans worldwide. The purpose of this research was to estimate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection and investigate the predisposing factors of infection in lambs in the suburbs of Mashhad, eastern Iran.  In this research, a total of 400 fecal specimens of lambs aged 5-90 days were taken by rectal examination and mixed with the same volume of 2.5% potassium dichromate until further examinations. In the lab, thin fecal smears were prepared from the specimens and stained using the modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique. The stained smears were examined under 40X and 100X magnification. In addition, anamnestic, epidemiological, management, and hygiene measures data, including age, sex, breed, rectal temperature, fecal consistency, herd number, keeping with other animals, type of pen, type of bedding, colostrum consumption, source of drinking water were recorded in questionnaires and analyzed. In the current research, the intensity of infection was determined. In microscopy, 11% of the examined smears scored positive. The lowest intensity of infection was recorded in 38.63%, the average intensity of infection was found in 47.7%, and the highest intensity of infection was found in 13.63% of samples. Cryptosporidium infection was significantly influenced by some analyzed factors, including younger age, absence of colostrum intake, mud wall of the pens, and non-tap water consumption. The present study showed that the infection of lambs with Cryptosporidium is significant in the suburbs of Mashhad, although in most cases, the intensity of contamination was moderate.

Iran's aquaculture industry has experienced significant growth in the last two decades, among which rainbow trout as the essential cold-water breeding species has particular importance and a high production growth rate. Of course, this rapid increase in production has created problems and risks for this activity, which need better and principled management to solve them. Among the management factors that are ignored is the issue of transporting fish and eggs. Fish transportation activities, such as moving, trapping, and exposing to optimal water quality, can cause physiological changes in fish due to increased stress. In addition, understanding misplaced environmental conditions and how they affect fish often leads to new protocols that reduce stress and the risk of disease transmission. Among the principles of fish transport discussed in this study is the regulation of osmotic pressure, dissolved oxygen, suspended solids, ammonia, the temperature of the transport tank and its preservation, carbon dioxide, physical fishing, and drugs and Anesthesia noted. The stages of ocular egg transfer are also examined separately. Considering the importance of quarantine and its essential role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases, we have also examined its basic requirements and implementation levels.

The Turkmen horse is one of the oldest breeds in the world with unique characteristics in agility, endurance and jump, being publicly acclaimed. Laminitis affects the limbs and decreases athletic performance. Radiographic evaluation is essential to confirm the sinking diagnosis in every breed of a horse suffering from laminitis. Since no information about distal phalanx radiographic measurements in this breed has been reported, the current study was designed and conducted. In the present study, 24 clinically sound registered Turkmen horses of both sexes (15 mares and nine stallions) were selected. Lateromedial radiographic views of both front distal phalanges were taken, focusing on the distal phalanx. After magnification correction, images were used to measure founder distances (FD) and other distal phalanx radiographic measurements using an image processing program. There was no significant difference between radiographic measurements of the left and right front feet. The FD had a significant positive correlation with weight. The horses under 3 years of age had a significantly greater U angle than the horses over the age of three. Also, palmarocortical length (PCL) in the Turkmen stallions was significantly higher than mares. In this investigation, PCL in horses under the age of three was significantly lower than horses over 3 years of age. The values determined in this study can be used as baseline data of front feet in Turkmen horses.

The zoonotic disease brucellosis is a serious public health and livestock industry concern. In the present study, we used bacteriological culture, RBT, and qPCR to determine the prevalence of brucellosis in the serum and milk samples of sheep with a history of abortion. Serum and milk samples were obtained from 100 sheep aged 3-5 years. In order to determine the prevalence of brucellosis, a modified RBT was performed on serum samples, Brucella was isolated from milk by bacteriological culture, and qPCR was applied to detect bacterial DNA in milk. The prevalence of brucellosis using modified RBT, bacteriological culture, and qPCR was 32%, 42%, and 44%, respectively. By considering qPCR as the standard, modified RBT showed a sensitivity of 95%, a specificity of 100%, an accuracy of 98%, a PV+ of 100%, and a PV- of 97%. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PV+, and PV- for bacteriological culture were 77%, 100%, 90%, 100%, and 85%, respectively. The agreement between qPCR and modified RBT was 0.959 (95% CI: 0.896-1), between qPCR and bacteriological culture was 0.792 (95% CI: 0.667-0.897), and between modified RBT and bacteriological culture was 0.831 (95% CI: 0.709-0.38). Based on the results, bacterial isolation from sheep milk is not recommended except in specific cases due to its low sensitivity, as well as its time-consuming and hazardous nature. However, the modified RBT can be used as a routine method because of its cost-effectiveness, higher sensitivity, and higher accuracy compared to bacterial isolation. Moreover, qPCR is recommended as the gold standard test for detecting brucellosis in sheep milk, especially in those with a history of abortion.

The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of an alginate coating containing peppermint essential oil (PEO) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) against Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157: H7 inoculated on beef fillets and subsequently stored at a temperature of 4 ± 1 °C for 12 days.

Beef fillet samples were divided into four groups: CON group (without any coating solution), ALG group (coated with alginate solution), ALG + PEO group (coated with alginate solution containing 0.1 % (w/v) PEO), and ALG + SLN-PEO group (with alginate solution in combination SLN containing 0.1 % (w/v) PEO). The samples were then analyzed for the presence of inoculated E. coli O157: H7 and S. Typhimurium during refrigerated storage.

The ALG + SLN-PEO coating had a larger impact in controlling the growth of pathogenic bacteria on beef fillets compared to the other treatment groups.

According to the obtained results, the ALG + SLN-PEO coating could potentially be used in the food industry to reduce the risks associated with contamination of beef fillets by E. coli O157: H7 and S. Typhimurium.

The present study aimed to determine the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oil extracted from Ziziphora clinopodioide (ZCEO) in vitro. Furthermore, the study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of chitosan nanoemulsion coating containing ZCEO and nisin in inhibiting the growth of Listeria monocytogenes inoculated on chicken breast fillets that were inoculated and vacuum-packaged, and stored at a temperature of 4±1 °C for 16 days.

The chemical composition and in vitro antibacterial activity of ZCEO were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and microdilution method, respectively. The chicken breast fillet samples were divided into seven groups, namely, the control group (uncoated) without vacuum, control group with vacuum, chitosan nanoemulsion without vacuum, chitosan nanoemulsion with vacuum, chitosan nanoemulsion with 0.5% ZCEO and vacuum, chitosan nanoemulsion with nisin and vacuum, and chitosan nanoemulsion with 0.5% ZCEO, nisin, and vacuum. All the samples were stored in a refrigerator, and the population of L. monocytogenes was enumerated on days 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16.

the chemical analysis of ZCEO revealed that carvacrol, thymol, and p-cymene were the three main compounds present in the oil. Application of chitosan nanoemulsion coatings, specifically chitosan nanoemulsion + ZCEO 0.5% + vacuum and chitosan nanoemulsion + nisin + vacuum, resulted in a significant reduction in the growth rate of L. monocytogenes in chicken breast fillet samples during storage. In addition, the chitosan nanoemulsion coating containing the combined ZCEO and nisin was found to be more effective in reducing the growth of L. monocytogenes during the storage period.

Based on the results of this study, chitosan nanoemulsion + ZCEO 0.5% + nisin + vacuum coating can be used to reduce the risks that might be associated with L. monocytogenes in chicken breast fillets.

Central nervous system (CNS) has limited repair capacity, and any spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause persistent disability in motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. The harmful reactions around the lesion must be stopped to prevent this consequence. 

The present study compares the clinical effects of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) and meloxicam in acute spinal cord injury in an animal model of rats. 

We randomly divided 24 male Wistar rats into 4 groups: 1) sham, 2) placebo, 3) SCI+MPSS (30 mg/kg, IV), and 4) SCI+meloxicam (1 mg/kg, SC). We used a Fogarty embolectomy catheter to induce a compression injury to the rats’ T8-T9 spinal cord segment. The drugs were injected one hour after surgery. Neurological evaluation was performed using BBB (Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan) test immediately after recovery and then once a week for up to 6 weeks. 

According to the BBB test results, single-dose administration of MPSS one hour after injury improved motor function significantly compared to placebo. But, there was no significant difference between MPSS and meloxicam groups and between meloxicam and placebo groups (P>0.01). 

In clinical evaluation, single-dose administration of MPSS one hour after injury improved motor function compared to meloxicam.

Mastitis is a global disease occurring in dairy cows, causing notable economic losses. Extensive use of antibiotics could allow the emergence of mobile antimicrobial resistance genes in mastitis-causing pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and characterization of colistin resistance genes in E. coli recovered from bovine mastitic milk. A total of 74 E. coli isolates were investigated for antimicrobial resistance. The presence of mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, and mcr-5 plasmid-mediated resistance genes, as the most crucial contributors to resistance to colistin, was examined by Multiplex PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of all isolates to the seven most common antibiotics applied in dairy herds, including colistin, ceftriaxone, ampicillin, tetracycline, gentamicin, enrofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were determined by the DD test. Among all samples, 70 isolates (94.6%) were resistant to colistin. In the MIC test, all isolates were also resistant to colistin, which was in agreement with the DD test. None of the E. coli isolates carried plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mcr-1 to 5 genes in Multiplex PCR. Despite the important role of food-producing animals in the transfer of antibiotic resistance, mastitis-causing E. coli isolates were not the source of mcr 1 to 5 genes in this study. The present research showed a high level of phenotypic resistance to colistin, while there was no agreement with their genotypic resistance. Consumption of polymyxins in dairy calves and the probable existence of other more effective resistance genes could be the reason for this high rate of phenotypic resistance.

Shrimp are highly perishable due to the biochemical, microbiological or physical changes during Post-mortem storage, which results in limited shelf life of the product (Farajzadeh et al., 2016). Melanosis is considered a limiting factor for crustacean preservation. This alteration originates by the action of polyphenol oxidase and in some species, as deep-water rose shrimp, also by the action of activated hemocyanin (Martínez-Alvarez et al., 2020). Traditional methods for shrimp preservation such as cold storage, freezing and chilling can’t suppress effectively spoilage (Farajzadeh et al., 2016). Hyssopus officinalis, as valuable medicinal herb, is widely used in traditional medicine. Due to the increased resistance of pathogenic microorganisms to antibiotics and increasing of treatment costs, attentions has been focused to compounds of natural origin (Pirnia et al., 1399). Nano-applications are named as one of the novel methods, which provide high immobilization efficiency for essential oils (keykhosravy e al., 2020). The nanoemulsion is a stable delivery system with unique physicochemical and practical characteristics including high physical stability, optical transparency and high bioavailability (khanzadi et al., 2020). In this study, the effects of chitosan nanoemulsion coating containing Hyssopus officinalis essential oil were investigated on melanosis phenomenon and color evaluation of shrimp samples during 12 days at 4 °C.

First, Hyssopus officinalis essential oil was prepared; Hyssop oil was extracted separately by water distillation. The essential oils components were identified by GC/MS (Pirnia et al., 1399). This study includes two phases of edible coating preparation and food modeling. After preparation of chitosan nanoemulsion containing essential oil, particle size and PDI were determined (keykhosravy e al., 2020). A dynamic light scattering (DLS) device (Malvern Instruments Ltd., United Kingdom) was utilized to measure the particle size of the nanoemulsion droplets. The distribution of droplet size was considered in the terms of the mean droplet size (z-diameter) and polydispersity index (PDI) (Moghimi et al., 2016). Then, Shrimp samples were provided and they were immediately placed in insulated polystyrene ice flasks and transported to the laboratory of food hygiene, Ferdowsi university of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. The fillets were washed completely for removing external particles (Mohajer et al., 2021). Shrimp samples were randomly divided into ten groups:CON: without any coating solutionCH: Chitosan coatingSCH: Sonicated Chitosan coatingSMS: Sodium Metabisulfite coatingHEO 0.5%: Hyssopus officinalis essential oil (HEO) 0.5% (W/V)HEO 1%: Hyssopus officinalis essential oil (HEO) 1% (W/V)CE+HEO 0.5%: Chitosan coarse emulsion coating containing 0.5% (W/V) HEOCE+HEO 1%: Chitosan coarse emulsion coating containing 1% (W/V) HEONE+HEO 0.5%: Chitosan nanoemulsion coating containing 0.5% (W/V) HEONE+HEO 1%: Chitosan nanoemulsion coating containing 1% (W/V) HEO The prepared samples were covered with different solutions for 2 min and were allowed to drain for 1 h. All the samples were placed into zip packs. Lastly, the samples were kept at 4 ± 1 °C for 12 days and analyzed for color evaluation and melanosis during 2/4-day intervals (days 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12). Lightness (+L), yellowness (+b), and redness (+a) of samples were measured with a Hunterlab colorimeter (Hunter Associates Laboratory, Inc., Reston, Virginia, USA), using a CIELab scale (Salehi et al., 2018). Whiteness (W) was also calculated, as described by Park, 1994 (Park et., 1994). Melanosis or black spot of shrimp was performed based on ocular evaluations (Sani et al., 2017). First, the basic sensory evaluation techniques and characteristics of shrimp meat (taste, smell, color, and texture) were introduced to the members of the group. 21 evaluators (20-38 years) were selected from among the staff and students of the Food Hygiene Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The evaluators evaluated the samples in individual panels with sufficient light and randomly. For each evaluator, drinking water was placed for the intervals between testing the samples (keykhosravy et al., 2021). Sensory evaluation was performed using a 4-point scoring technique. In this method, a score of four indicates the absence of black spots on the shrimp and a score of one indicates the presence of black spots across the surface of the shrimp.

33 compounds were identified in Hyssop. Most of its compounds include isopinocamphen (35.45%), pinocamphen (11.81%) and beta-pinene (10.12%). The results are in agreement with Najafpour et al. (2001) and Fraternale et al. (2004). The z-diameter and PDI values of CE+HEO 0.5% were determined to be 570.3 ± 15.83 nm and 0.63±0.07, while for CE+HEO 1% were 402.2 ± 2.50 nm and 0.50±0.05, respectively. Z-diameter of the NE+HEO 1% and NE+HEO 0.5% were measured as 385.7 ± 3.09 nm and 538.9 ± 4.40 nm, and their PDI values were 0.55±0.03 and 0.76±0.01, respectively. Color is the most important visual feature for consumers in seafood. A value is infinite and positive values are equivalent to red and negative values are equivalent to green. B values are infinite and positive values are equivalent to yellow and negative values are equivalent to blue, and L index is equal to the brightness of the image which is between 0 zero equivalent to black and 100 Equivalent to full reflection of light (Salehi et al., 2018). On day 12, the lowest amount of redness and yellowness was observed in the groups of chitosan nanoemulsion containing Hyssopus officinalis essential oil (1% and 0.5%) compared to the control group. The brightness of the samples decreased with increasing storage time in all treatments; one of the reasons for this decrease is due to the appearance of black spots. Chitosan nanoemulsion treatment containing Hyssopus officinalis 1% had the highest score and control, chitosan and sonicated chitosan treatments had the lowest score in terms of melanosis by the end of the period compared to the control.

According to the results of this study, chitosan nanoemulsion coating containing Hyssopus officinalis essential oil can maintain the color index in shrimp meat compared to the control group and improve its color and replace synthetic compounds such as sodium metabisulfite as an anti-melanosis compound.

Nowadays, to avoid the use of synthetic preservatives, which do more harm than good, numerous studies are currently focused on using natural ingredients to enhance food product quality and shelf life. Since no study has been conducted on combining coatings with electrolyzed water containing natural antimicrobial compounds, the present study has innovation and priority. In the present study, the effect of chitosan coating prepared through Neutral Electrolyzed Water (NEW) on inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated in rainbow trout fillet over 12 days at 4 ˚C was examined.

Fish samples were allocated into six groups following inoculation with E. coli O157:H7 (final concentration: ~ 105 CFU/g). Treatments included control (CON), distilled water (DW), neutral electrolyzed water (NEW), chitosan 2% (CH), chitosan coating prepared by neutral electrolyzed water (CH/NEW), and neutral electrolyzed water followed by chitosan (NEW+CH). Treatments were kept at low temperature (refrigerator) and counting bacteria was done on 0, 1st, 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th days. Data analyses were done through repeated measure ANVOA and Bonferroni post hoc tests.

As indicated by the findings, the reduction rate of EW, CH, CH+WE, and CH/EW samples were 1.04, 1.45, 2.01, and 2.02 log CFU/g compared with the CON, respectively. The highest reduction rate was observed in the CH/NEW sample, due to the antimicrobial activity of chitosan and neutral electrolyzed water.

Chitosan coating can be combined with NEW in fish to increase the safety against pathogenic bacteria and E. coli O157:H7. Therefore, it can suggest the use of these natural antimicrobial compounds in the food industry.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between some fetal parameters measured by ultrasonography and fetal age for developing a formula which could be used for estimation of fetal age in Baluchi sheep. Placentome diameter (PD), gestation Sac diameter (GSD), biparietal diameter (BPD), straight crown-rump length (CRL), femural length (FL), occipito-snout diameter (OSD), thoracic diameter (TD) and fetal heart rate (FHR) were measured by transrectal and/or transabdominal ultrasonography. All ewes were synchronized using progesterone sponge for 6 days. On the first day, they received PGF2 and on the last day received 400 IU of equine serum gonadotrophin (eCG). All of the parameters revealed significant correlation by increasing fetal age. Except for PD, for other values linear regression curve was illustrated. BPD (between 36 - 96 days) (R2 = 0.961), CRL (R2 = 0.935), FL (R2 = 0.950), OSD (R2 = 0.981), TD (R2 = 0.975) showed high correlation with fetal age (p < 0.001). Moderate correlation was calculated for FHR (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.883). Low correlations were assessed by measurement of GSD (p = 0.018, R2 = 0.318), BPD (between 96-138 days; p = 0.038, R2 = 0.29) and PD represented the significant non-linear correlation with age (p < 0.001), maximum correlation was assessed by measurement of mean placentome wall diameter. In conclusion, OSD was recommended as the best parameter for estimating of gestational age between days 36 - 109 in Baluchi sheep because of the lowest residuals, the highest correlation coefficient and wide period of availability for imaging in gestation.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of short-time progesterone injection subcutaneously (SC) on estrus synchronization of Baluchi ewes. All ewes received one dose of PGF2α (15 mg) and then were divided into two groups. In the P4 group, a combination of progesterone and propylene glycol was subcutaneously injected twice at the three-day interval, and a vaginal sponge was used in the control group for 6 days.  On day 6, all ewes received 400 IU of eCG. 48h after eCG injection, two rams were introduced into the flock. Blood samples were taken daily from Day 0 to Day 13 to measure serum progesterone concentration. Ultrasonography was used to observe ovaries and monitor their changes at three-day intervals. In P4 and control groups, the estrus rate was 88.9% and 100% for P4 and control groups, respectively; the duration of estrus for the P4 and control groups was 8 and 8.5 days, respectively (p >0.05). No significant difference was observed in the size of the largest follicle and the number of follicles more than 2 mm in diameter between the treatment and control groups. Further studies with some changes and modifications are required for gaining acceptable fertility and prolificacy rates.

Staphylococcus aureus is among the major causes of foodborne outbreaks globally. To limit its potential risks and predict its growth behaviors, it is crucial to define the growth boundaries of Staphylococcus aureus. So, this experiment was designed to estimate the growth behavior of Staphylococcus aureus in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth while affected by various concentrations of Carum copticum EO (0, 0.015, 0.030, 0.045%), pH (5, 6, 7), temperature (25, 35 ˚C), and inoculum levels (103, 105 CFU ml-1). The assay was performed with 48 treatment conditions in triplicate. Visible turbidity represents growth onset was checked daily during 30 days of trial. According to the accelerated failure time (AFT) approach, a parametric survival model was chosen to predict the impact of selected variables on Staphylococcus aureus growth. GC-MS assay had quantified sixteen (16) compounds constituting 98.88% of pure oil. Based on our findings, the major components of essential oil were identified as thymol (57.18%), ρ-cymene (22.55%), γ-terpinene (13.07%), and trans-anethole (1.7%). The MIC value of the EO was 0.625 μl ml-1. The median time to detection of bacterial growth was six days. All the predictor variables showed a significant effect on time to initiate the bacterial growth (p < 0.05). The ultimate model could precisely estimate the growth responses of Staphylococcus aureus.

The present study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of alginate coating and electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) on Listeria monocytogenes in fish samples during 12 days in cold storage condition (4˚C).  Initially, fish fillets were inoculated with L. monocytogenes and divided into different groups. Following that, treated samples including controls (no coating), distilled water, alginate, EOW, and alginate coating with EOW were stored at refrigeration temperature. The fillets were preserved at the temperature of 4°C, and the bacterial count was performed on days zero, two, four, eight, and 12.  The separate and combined use of alginate and EOW could significantly inhibit the growth of inoculated L. monocytogenes compared to the control samples, and the maximum reduction was observed in the EOW and alginate treatment (1.37 log CFU/g).  It is recommended that alginate coating combined with EOW in fish improved safety against L. monocytogenes infection.

Neutralized electrolyzed water (NEW) is a novel natural disinfectant. It has been suggested that application of NEW can improve the shelf life of fish. This study aimed to investigate effect of NEW incorporated in alginate coating on growth of Escherichia coli O157: H7 on salmon fillets over a period of 12 days.

Fish fillets were inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and divided into six different treatment groups: control (no coating), distilled water, alginate, EW, EW & alginate (Samples coated with alginate solution prepared by EW), and EW+ alginate (samples immersed in EW, then coated with alginate solution). The fillets were kept at 4 °C, and the bacterial count was determined on days: 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12. Data analysis was performed using repeated ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoctest at statistical significance of 0.05.

Treatment with alginate coating and EW alone could significantly reduce E. coli O157: H7 count on the salmon fillets. However, maximum reduction (1.27 log CFU/g) of bacteria was achieved when using alginate coating combined with EW.

According to the results, the combination of alginate coating with EW can be applied as a natural antimicrobial for increasing safety of food products, especially fish, against pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli O157: H7.

Electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) is a novel natural disinfectant. It has been suggested that applying EOW can improve the shelf life of fish. The purpose of this research was to compare the effect of electrolyzed water with a solution of alginate coating prepared/followed by EOW and examine their impact on pseudomonas aeruginosa growth inhibition in salmon fillets kept under refrigeration.

Fish fillets were inoculated with pseudomonas aeruginosa and divided into six different treatment groups: control (no coating), distilled water, alginate, EOW, EOW & alginate (samples coated with alginate solution prepared by EOW), and EOW+ alginate (samples immersed in EOW, then coated with alginate solution). The fillets were kept at 4 °C, and the bacterial count was determined on days: 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12. Data analysis was performed using repeated ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test at statistical significance of 0.05.

Additionally, both the solo and combined application of electrolyzed water and alginate coating have been shown to substantially limit developing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, their combined usage had a greater impact than control sample. When coating solution was applied followed by electrolyzed water, the greatest decrease rate (1.27 logs CFU/g) was found in comparison to control samples.

According to the findings, applying alginate coating in conjunction with electrolyzed water may be used realistically in food systems, particularly seafood.

Mastitis could be detected in various ways, including physical, on-farm, and laboratory tests.

The present research aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the diagnosis of mastitis using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-based dipsticks and to assess these dipsticks with regard to the effects of different lactation days, the amount of milk production, and parity.

Considering bacteriologic culture as a gold standard method for the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis, the sensitivity and specificity of LDH test were 68.9 % and 54 %, respectively. The results revealed a high correlation between SCC and LDH. A statistically significant relationship was observed between the response of dipstick and CMT results; with the increase in the CMT score, the score of LDH dipstick increased. By investigating the effects of lactation days, the amount of milk production, and parity, it was determined that the chance of having subclinical mastitis in cows with positive dipstick result was 5.59 times greater than that in cows with negative dipstick result. There were no significant relationships among SCC, LDH, and CMT with lactation days and milk production; meanwhile, with the increase in parity, the three above-mentioned variables showed significant increase.

The results of the present study indicated that the best methods for subclinical mastitis detection were SCC, CMT, and LDH based dipsticks, respectively.

Chitosan is a preservative that is commonly used in food packaging due to forming a film with antimicrobial activity. Many antimicrobial agents have been used to control the growth of different bacteria, fungi and yeasts in food products using chitosan coating. The present research was conducted to examine inhibitory effects of a coating incorporated with the essential oils of Zataria multiflora (ZEO) and Bunium persicum (BEO) on the growth of Pseudomonas artificially inoculated onto salmon fillets over a period of 12 days at 4 °C.

The antibacterial activity of BEO against P. aeruginosa was evaluated using the microdilution method via determining minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration. For the food model investigation, three P. aeruginosa strains were inoculated onto trout fillets as culture cocktail to assess their survival over 12 days of storage.

The results indicated that ZEO and BEO had stronger inhibitory effect on P. aeruginosa in trout fillets when applied along with gel type nano-emulsion of chitosan solution. The separate use of each of these substances also significantly inhibited the growth of these pathogenic bacteria compared with the control. In addition, the use of chitosan coating without any antimicrobial agent affected the growth of P. aeruginosa.

The gel type nano-emulsion of chitosan coating containing ZEO and BEO can be applied on foodstuff, particularly fish and its products, as an antimicrobial agent.

Chlamydia abortus (C. abortus) is a Gram-negative intracellular bacteria responsible for major economic losses due mainly to infection and subsequent induction of abortion in several animal species and poses considerable public health problems in humans. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of antibody against C. abortus in sheep and goat population of Khorasan Razavi province located in northeastern Iran. Four hundred fifty-two (271 sheep and 181 goats) sera samples from 40 sheep/goat epidemiologic units located in 11 counties were selected. Sera were assayed for antibodies against C. abortus using ELISA assay. Out of 452 sheep and goat sera, 44 [9.70% (95.00%CI: 7.10%-12.40%)] were positive for C. abortus antibodies. 28 out of 40 epidemiologic units (70.00%) and 10 out of 11 counties (91.00%), at least one seropositive sample was found. There was no significant difference between the seropositivity of sheep and goats. Age, sex, and location did not show significant relationship with the test results. The results showed that C. abortus was circulating in wide parts of Khorasan Razavi province. Considering the economic and public health importance of C. abortus, measures should be taken to help prevent its spread and to reduce the zoonotic risk of C. abortus in the studied region.

Antimicrobial agents such as essential oils have wide applications, and their use in edible films has been reported to enhance the shelf life of meat and its products. The present study aimed to assess the effects of chitosan films on the inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus in hamburger samples in storage conditions (temperature: 4±1°C).  The prepared films contained 0.8% nanoemulsion of Bunium persicum essential oil (NBPEO) and 1.6% nanoemulsion of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil (NTEO). The hamburger samples were inoculated with S. aureus and divided into several groups, including control (no film), chitosan with 7.5% cellulose nanofiber (Ch-CNF), chitosan with 7.5% cellulose nanofiber, 0.8% NBPEO, and 1.6% NTEO (Ch-CNF-NEO). The samples were preserved in storage conditions (temperature: 4°C), and bacterial count was carried out on days 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12. Data analysis was performed using Bonferroni post-hoc test and repeated measures ANOVA.  According to the results, S. aureus count significantly decreased in the treatment groups compared to the control samples. In addition, the maximum reduction rate was observed in the Ch-CNF-NEO treatment (1.41 log CFU/g) compared to the control samples. Conclution: According to the results, it is offered that nanocomposite film of chitosan with nanoemulsion of essential oils practically be applied in hamburger to enhance its safety against S. aureus.

Providing the health of calves play a major role in their growth and the profitability of the flock. The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between the occurrence of different diseases in newborn calves with weight gain and increasing their height and also the relationship between neonatal diseases and mortality rates with some factors due to the calf and its environment. This study was performed on 1595 male and female calves in 8 dairy farms of the Mashhad suburb. After taking some information about the general characteristics of farms, items consist of the rate of involvement with various diseases, mortality rate and the time of its occurrence during the 80-day study period were recorded. The biometric parameters consist of weight and height at birth, 40 and 80 days after birth were also measured. The relationship between diseases with growth indicators (weight and height) were evaluated by generalized linear model test and between independent variables including gender, the season of birth, type of parturition (eutocia or dystocia), type of birth (one or twin), parity of cow and birth weight of the calves with involvement in diarrhea, pulmonary infection and other diseases and the chance of death was analyzed by the logistic regression test. Diarrhea, arthritis, bloat, Navel and eye infections caused a significant decrease in weight gaining of calves, whereas only diarrhea had a significant effect on height. The mortality rate was 3.89 percent, which occurred from 1 to 78 days old. The most important causes of calf mortality at lower ages were physical injuries, genetic defects, meningitis, diarrhea and septicemia, and at upper ages were pulmonary involvement, diarrhea and arthritis. The chance of involvement with diarrhea and pulmonary infection in twins was significantly greater than singles, the odds of this infection in calves born with dystocia, in the warm season and high birth weight were greater than the corresponding groups. The mortality in twins, male calves and those born in the warm season were higher than the corresponding groups.