mohammad faezi

"Famousness clothing" is one of the titles discussed in ancient narrative and jurisprudential books. This issue, from both the aspect of subject explanation and the ruling applied to it, has been debated by jurists from past to present. In the first aspect, some consider mere famousness sufficient for establishing the subject and applying the ruling of prohibition. Others consider the realization of titles such as humiliation, violation of dignity, or believer's degradation as the subject of prohibition. The third group considers famousness clothing as clothing worn with the intention of showing off and displaying asceticism. In the second aspect, there are three theories: prohibition, precaution, and disapproval (kerahat). Despite the importance of clothing and its general relevance, no worthy research has been presented in this field. In this writing, which was conducted through descriptive-analytical method using library data, it was concluded that famousness clothing refers to clothing that puts its wearer in an unpleasant and ugly situation, and if this situation causes violation of their dignity or leads to other forbidden titles, its ruling is prohibition; but if the ugliness of clothing is not to the extent that it causes the realization of mentioned titles, based on evidence condemning wearing famousness clothing, its ruling will be disapproval.

Given that the virtual space, particularly the metaverse technology, is considered one of the novel topics, it is necessary to examine its aspects from an Islamic Fiqhi perspective. The metaverse is a digital space that deals with various technologies such as virtual reality, augmented reality, digital currencies, and the internet. This digital world is interconnected through blockchain, virtual reality, augmented reality, online games, and digital assets, and it is claimed to have numerous applications and benefits in education, medicine, economy, entertainment, etc. One of the issues related to the metaverse space is the purchase of real estate in such a space, as the question arises as to whether the conditions of the counterparts, including the requirement of ownership, apply to real estate and land in the metaverse or not. In this paper, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources, after explaining the conditions for ownership, it is proven that the real estate traded in the metaverse have both fiqhi and legal ownership. Furthermore, by examining the major premise of the requirement of the validity of a transaction on the ownership of the counterparts, it has been clarified that the lack of ownership of these real estates does not prevent the generalization of the validity of the transaction to them.

The Principle of “Lā Tanqaḍ al-Sunnat al-Farīḍat” is one of the most influential jurisprudential principles across several areas of Islamic law. It is derived from the authentic narration of “Lā Taʻād,” which states: “Disruption in the traditions of a compound obligation, assuming the core obligations of that compound are fulfilled, does not invalidate the compound.”This study, employing a descriptive-analytical method and referencing library sources, examines the documentation and evidence supporting this principle. It demonstrates that the basis of the principle is well-established, and through an analysis of the principle’s evidentiary support, as well as a discussion of various views on the terms sunnah and farīḍah, it argues that farīḍah refers to what is stated in the Holy Qurʼān, while sunnah refers to what is mentioned in the ḥadīth.Additionally, this principle is not limited to the chapter on ṣalāh (prayer). Its broader application indicates that in cases of sharʻī compounds, if the mukallaf (legally responsible individual) inadvertently disrupts the sunan (traditions) but fulfills the core religious duties correctly, there is no need to repeat the action. Finally, the study outlines numerous applications of this principle across various jurisprudential chapters.

Given that the virtual space, particularly the metaverse technology, is considered one of the novel topics, it is necessary to examine its aspects from an Islamic Fiqhi perspective. The metaverse is a digital space that deals with various technologies such as virtual reality, augmented reality, digital currencies, and the internet. This digital world is interconnected through blockchain, virtual reality, augmented reality, online games, and digital assets, and it is claimed to have numerous applications and benefits in education, medicine, economy, entertainment, etc. One of the issues related to the metaverse space is the purchase of real estate in such a space, as the question arises as to whether the conditions of the counterparts, including the requirement of ownership, apply to real estate and land in the metaverse or not. In this paper, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources, after explaining the conditions for ownership, it is proven that the real estate traded in the metaverse have both fiqhi and legal ownership. Furthermore, by examining the major premise of the requirement of the validity of a transaction on the ownership of the counterparts, it has been clarified that the lack of ownership of these real estates does not prevent the generalization of the validity of the transaction to them.

The issue of various recitations of the Holy Quran represents a significant matter encompassing numerous aspects of theological, jurisprudential, and literary dimensions. One of the facets of this issue is the influence of recitation discrepancies on jurisprudential matters, extensively discussed in the jurisprudential and foundational books of the two major schools of thought (Shia and Sunni). According to the Sunni belief among the general public, all well-known recitations are authoritative, and juridical references can be derived from them. However, scholars from the Shiite perspective deny the legitimacy of conflicting recitations, rejecting reliance on divergent recitations. Given these two distinct approaches, the impact of recitation variations on Shiite jurisprudence significantly differs from its effect on the jurisprudence of the general populace. This article employs a descriptive-analytical method, drawing upon library resources and utilizing assistive software, to compare the impact of recitation discrepancies on Shiite jurisprudence versus that of the general populace. The analysis demonstrates that while multiple recitation variations have led to differences in legal rulings within Sunni jurisprudence and Shiite jurisprudence, despite the potential influence of recitation discrepancies on juridical matters, no instance has been found where recitation variations led to divergent legal verdicts, due to the presence of narrations from the Ahl al-Bayt (Prophet Mohammad's Progeny) in all circumstances.

One of the most used expressions in the ancient books of Rejal science is the expression of "mixing" and its other derivatives. The meaning of this word was clear to the ancients; For this reason, they have not given an explanation about it, but with the passing of time and the disappearance of evidence, this expression became ambiguous; In such a way that later scholars differed in its definition. Some have considered it to mean the corruption of belief, and others have considered it to mean the combination of authentic narrations and non authentic narrations. According to the important role of this expression in the validation of narrators and the ambiguities in its explanation, it seems necessary to provide a comprehensive research in order to resolve the existing ambiguities. In this article, which was carried out with the aim of identifying the concept of mixing in the words of the ancients of Islamic scholars, the various uses of this word and its other derivatives in the books of the ancients were analyzed and investigated by descriptive- analytical method and with the help of library data. Mixing means narrating authentic and non-authentic narrations by a narrator, which in most cases is rooted in his corruption of his believes.

Most pedestrian spaces in our cities lack the visual appeal, vividness and landscaping to offer pedestrians any satisfaction. Since the concept of beauty is qualitative and subject to interpretations, and enough has been said about it from theoretical and philosophical points of view, the main challenge here remains in how to measure, assess and apply beauty. One visually encounters a lot of things in local streets. The recreation of the base design is one of the recent approaches to urban design, at whose core lies an applied attention to beauty. People conceive this type of space from a near distance and at low speeds, which naturally brings with it high degrees of attention. As a result, the explanation of aesthetic criteria in the quality of beauty in the design of local streets demands maximal public contribution in order to domesticise the concept and prevent authentic values and domestic identities from being neglected by an elitist mannerism. The present research started with explaining theories and extracting applied aesthetic criteria in five categories. It then went on to examine these on Qazvin’s Shahid Ansari Street in the city’s historic district. This was based on a survey based on observations and questionnaires. To find out how people prioritise the five criteria they were broken into 25 simple qualitative aphorisms in questionnaires, to be analysed later. Of people’s priorities 15 were found to be meaningfully high (ranked above 50%), among which attention to the quality of historic buildings came top (93.6%) followed by attention to domestic culture (85.8%) for designing the local street in question. Least important criteria were considered to be the balance between building heights (56.6%) followed by the harmony between various building components (52.2%), meaning people were feeling less connected to the latter.

In this study, a total 108 bacterial strains with potential of antibacterial activity were isolated from 145 shoreline water samples of Caspian Sea. The isolated bacteria were: Gram negative and positive bacilli, Gram negative and positive cocci and Gram negative coccoid. Amongst 108 isolated bacterial strains, 12 strains (11%) showed significant antibacterial activity against 10 reference strains. Morphological, physiological, biochemical features and 16S rRNA analysis were used to identify the isolated strains with antibacterial activity. Amongst the isolated strains, six isolates possessed typical cellular, colonial morphologies, physiological, biochemical and nutritional features that resembled Bacillus spp. Four strains were identified as Bacillus cereus. The two other isolates belonged to Bacillus subtilis group. Two gram positive rod shape isolates were identified as Exiguobacterium acetylicum. The rest of isolates with antibacterial potency were gram negative bacteria. They were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3isolate) and Alcaligenes faecalis (one isolate). Crude extracts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains showed significant antimicrobial activity against all reference strains. Also, E.acetylicum and A. faecalis showed antibacterial activity against some reference strains such as Escherichia coli PTCC 1533, Shigella flexneri PTCC 1234 and Salmonella enterica subsp.enterica Paratyphi B PTCC 1231. The crude extracts of four isolates with wide antibacterial activity were used in TLC autobiography overlay assay. The TLC autobiographic overlay assay implied that the antimicrobial metabolites produced by the strains with wide antimicrobial spectrum were different.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose is one of the most important biotechnological processes in the food industry, which is accomplished by enzyme β-galactosidase (β-gal, β-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23), trivial called lactase. Orthogonal arrays design is an appropriate option for the optimization of biotechnological processes for the production of microbial enzymes.
Design of experimental (DOE) methodology using Taguchi orthogonal array (OA) was employed to screen the most significant levels of parameters, including the solid substrates (wheat straw, rice straw, and peanut pod), the carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios, the incubation time, and the inducer. The level of β-gal production was measured by a photometric enzyme activity assay using the artificial substrate ortho-Nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside.
The results showed that C/N ratio (0.2% [w/v], incubation time (144 hour), and solid substrate (wheat straw) were the best conditions determined by the design of experiments using the Taguchi approach.
Our finding showed that the use of rice straw and peanut pod, as solid-state substrates, led to 2.041-folds increase in the production of the enzyme, as compared to rice straw. In addition, the presence of an inducer did not have any significant impact on the enzyme production levels.

Listeria monocytogenes is a serious concern for the food industry due to its high case fatality rate, widespread distribution, ability to survive a wide variety of food processing conditions, and the severity of the illness associated with this pathogen infection. The objective of this study was to determine the growth, cell morphology and biochemical characteristics of L. monocytogenes PTCC 1297 (Serotype 4a) under selected environmental stresses.
The environmental stresses were acid stress (HCl, pH 2.0-6.0), alkaline stress (NaOH, pH 8.0-12.0), ethanol stress (5.0%-25.0% vol/vol), oxidative stress (H2O2, 0.06%-6.0% vol/vol), osmotic stress (NaCl and sucrose, 2.0%-30.0% wt/vol) and heat stress (40-60°C). All stresses were applied to the exponential phase bacteria whereas non-stressed exponential phase cells served as a control and the cells were allowed to grow for 24 h. For evaluating the growth of L. monocytogenes PTCC 1297 after inoculation procedure and exposure of cells to selected stresses we used colony count method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was implemented to visualize the external appearance of the bacteria.
According to the results, the bacteria at pH≤4 and pH≥10 achieved by HCl and, NaOH, respectively, died. Also, concentrations ethanol at ≥15% vol/vol, H2O2 ≥0.3% vol/vol, NaCl ≥14% wt/vol, and heat ≥50°C were lethal for the bacteria. Unlike other stresses, sucrose did not kill bacteria but decreased their growth. The phenotypical and biochemical characteristics of them changed when exposed to each stress.
Different doses of various stresses were either lethal or sub-lethal for this bacterium and lead to various changes in its characteristics.

Although many food-borne pathogens may generally cause illness, Listeria monocytogenes is an opportunistic organism that causes harm to individuals who are particularly vulnerable to disease. Unlike organic pollutants, heavy metals do not decay and thus pose a different kind of challenge for remediation. Microbial bioremediation is an efficient strategy due to its low cost and efficient targeting of heavy metals.. The aim of this work was evaluate the growth, surface structure and biochemical features of L. monocytogenes PTCC 1297 endured to toxic heavy metals for humans.. The effects of various concentrations of mercury (II) bromide (HgBr2), lead (II) oxide (PbO), and cadmium sulfate (CdSO4) (0.1% - 0.5% wt/vol) were evaluated. All stresses were applied to exponential phase cells whereas non-stressed exponential phase cells served as a control and the cells were allowed to grow for 24 hours. For evaluating the growth of L. monocytogenes PTCC 1297 after the inoculation procedure and exposure of cells to selected stresses, the colony count method was used. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to visualize the surface structure of bacteria.. The amount of HgBr2 (0.1% wt/vol) and CdSO4 (0.2% wt/vol) were considered as lethal doses for L. monocytogenes PTCC 1297 (Serotype 4a). Different concentrations of PbO could not kill bacteria yet decreased their growth. The bacteria showed different morphologic and biochemical characteristics under each stressor.. It can be concluded that L. monocytogenes PTCC 1297 can be resistant to lead..