mohammad ghasemi sheshdeh

Economic growth acceleration is one of the critical topics and a relatively new concept in macroeconomic studies, which has received less attention in research related to economic growth in Iran. Examining growth acceleration aims to find turning points in the country's economic performance. Since growth spurts are related to limited changes in policy reforms, examining the acceleration of economic growth helps policymakers adopt a short-term growth strategy. With a review of global experiences, the acceleration of growth experienced in most of the developing countries has been exhausted and is not reproduced in their economy and does not continue. Therefore, evaluating periods of acceleration and reversal of economic growth is very important. In this study, after determining the period of accelerations and reversals of economic growth in Iran during the years 1955-2019, the period of growth acceleration is analyzed under the Within-Effect and Shift-Effect, using the Modified Shift-Share method. The research results show that the only period of accelerated economic growth experienced in Iran during the investigated period happened in 1965. Also, in 1975 and 1985, Iran's economy experienced a reversal in economic growth and entered a period of deep recession. Second, the Modified Shift-Share method results show that in 2014, both positive structural changes and within-sector productivity positively created growth acceleration, and the resulting growth was fast and stable.

The purpose of this research is experimental asses Schumpeter's view that directing credit towards entrepreneurial activities is necessary for the formation and development of entrepreneurship. Credit guidance refers to allocate the ratio of bank credit to non-financial economic activities. For the entrepreneurial measuring, two common indicators are used: "The New Business Entry Density" (ED) of the World Bank (WB) and "Total Early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity" (TEA) of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). To analysis the effect of guiding the credit on entrepreneurship, the panel data model has been used. According to the first index of entrepreneurship, the estimated model covers 66 world economies during the period 2006 to 2016, and the second index has included 54 world economies were built during the period 2001 to 2016. The results are different. When Entrepreneurship based on "The New Business Entry Density" is analyzed, the result of estimation doesn't support literature, even it can have a negative effect. But when based on "Total Early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity" index is analysis, the impact of credit guidance is not rejected as expected by the significant effect of guiding on the entrepreneurship for middle-income economies. Also, the sensitivity of the results for the effective indicators of entrepreneurship shows that the more suitable proxies are needed to assess Schumpeter's theory.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of how bank credit is allocated to entrepreneurship. For this purpose, the data of credits allocated to non-financial firms in different economic sectors, as well as the two indicators of "Total Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity" (TEA) and "The new business entry density" (ED) in middle-income economies have been Used. The results of feasible Generalized Least Squares estimation show that there is a positive and significant relationship between credit guidance to non-financial agricultural firms with the Total Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity Index (TEA) in the 26 countries surveyed during the period 2005 to 2014. But the relationship between credit allocation to households with this entrepreneurship index Cannot be considered positive. The results of Random Effects estimation also show a positive and significant relationship between allocation credit to non-financial industry firms and the new business entry density (ED) index in 57 developing countries from 2006 to 2014. Also, based on the research results, we can emphasize the importance of distinguishing between different types of allocated credits.

Regional Input-Output Tables )RIOTs( are the most important tool for regional planning, but the construction of the survey-based RIOTs can be complex, expensive and time consuming. From the mid of 20th Century to present, many types of non-survey methods were introduced for the estimation of Regional Input-Output Coefficients (RIOCs) and (RIOTs) by regional input-output economists. On one side, there are different kinds of location quotient methods which have focused on estimating RIOCs and balancing RIOTs requires acceptance of 2 types of residuals. The first type is exports of a region to other region and the rest of the world, and the second type is regional sectoral value added. On the other side, there are Commodity Balance (CB) and Cross-Hauling Adjusted Regionalization Method (CHARM) which concentrate on estimating RIOTs and the regional sectoral value added plays a key role in balancing RIOTs. In this paper, we show that sectoral value added in regional accounts of Iran is adjusted involuntary due to using LQ methods for estimation of RIOTs. To tackle this problem, we used new mixed FLQ-RAS method for estimating Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province’s RIOT in 1390 and calculated the regional and national employment multipliers for 60 economic sectors. The results indicate that there are no similarities between the quantities and ranking of regional employment multipliers and national employment multipliers. This result shows that neglecting the dimensions of space and ignoring regional differences leads to the compilation of the misleading development strategies.

Usually every year the budget laws legislated by Islamic Consultative Assembly contains a number of provisions that are not in a position to explain the implementation of the budget and are not legislation. One of the important questions is about the range of inserting these provisions and the regulation of legislating these provisions in addition to legislating budget law. One of the main challenges of the budget system in Iran is whether a specific nature can be defined for "funds" contained in Article 52 of the Constitution, and based on that some criteria be presented to prevent the insertion of provisions lacking budgetary nature in the budget law?The study method is library research. This article tries to introduce a theoretical framework based on expertise and legal viewpoints so that the substantive elements of budget be specified. At this point, based on the presence or absence of the substantive elements, an explanation of budgetary provisions and its features is offered. According to studies, the elements of "expecting sources and incomes of country," "estimation and allowance of doing costs the country", "being time-limited", "legal purposes and programs" and "being approved by the competent authorities" are substantive elements of the budget. Therefore with regard to the substantive elements of the budget, budgetary provisions can be considered as ones that specify the executive mechanisms regarding the collecting way of receipts and doing disbursements, determine the goals and executive plans of the government, and in other permanent laws of the country, there be no provision regarding them.