mohammad jafar

the present article tries to prove the issue of tinat has different aspects and to be able to explain it , we should pay attention to other important related issues and clear interpretations of them and their relationship to the narrations on Tinat be prepared. In this article, after explanation of this point that these narrations include various subjects, their relationship with some issues like Alam Zar, Mithaq, Khilghat nori, Saadat, Shaqavat, Maad, Qada and Qadar, Nafs and Intighal Amaal.

At the end of the tenth century AH a new trend in Shia figh came to existence and it influenced the atmosphere of figh, (Osul), theology and Shia philosophy for two centuries. Attaching Shiah scholars, this trend, known as traditionalism, marginalized the principles of Islam. Some of the traditionalists accused scholars of Usool of heresy and considered them heretic, heathen and propagandists for Sunnism. The consequences of this thought led scholars to expound the main causes behind the emergence of this trend. so that some great scholars critized its results. Among these causes anticipated by Shahid Mutahhari, quoting from Ayatollah Borujerdi and Shahid Sadr. Traditionalist might have been influenced by their contemporary western sensualists. This article, using a descriptive-analytic method, seeks to investigate the different evidence and thoughts of the tenth century's eminent traditionalists who were contemporary with Francis Bacon and evaluate this perspective. Accordingly, referring to some evidence, some of the causes of this thought and its ramifications have been examined.

Geographic works of the third and forth centuries are divided into two geographic schools of Iraqi and Balkhi and each of them has been mentioned special properties by the researchers. The present research mentions the special properties of this school and each of these geographers through investigating the works of Ibn e- Khordazbeh, Yaqubi and Ibn e- Rosteh and the salient representatives of Iraq geographic school. The purpose of this research is to prove this hypothesis that there exists a great amount of similarities among materials and the way of investigation of geographers that they didnt follow a general, definite and predetermined method and each one applied a special method in their works. It seems it's better instead of different schools, to talk about "Islamic Geographic School".