mohammad javad kian

Increase of healthcare costs has become a major challenge worldwide. In order to ensure the security of treatment for all people, resiliency is necessary for the country’s health economy and must promote in the country. The aim of this article is to introduce the macro-axes and specific issues of each axis.

In this study, concurrent-nested mixed method was used. After discussing in focus group meeting and qualitative content analysis, the macro- axes priority of the resistance economy and specific issues were extracted. Studies in the field of health and resistance economics were identified as the complementary role by searching the databases of sid, magiran and Google scholar and with the keywords health, resistance economy, health system and Iran and the final list was obtained.

Twelve macro-priority areas and specific issues of each axis were identified. The macro-axes are: "Conceptualism", "Basis, Principles, Values, Goals", "Policies and Strategies”, “Pathologic barriers and Challenges of the Health Economics", "Indices", " Intersectoral dimensions of the Health Economics and the Resistance Economics", "Requirements", Examples/Objective Examples in Contemporary History”, “Culture and Culture-Building”, “Dimensions of Health Economics Management”,  and “Implementation Strategies" in each macro-axis, a number of specific issues were introduced.

Strengthening the countrychr('39')s health system in normal conditions, crisis and disaster, war and bioterrorism, and economic sanctions, requires the implementation of health resistance economy. An excellent, efficient and responsive health system is possible with comprehensive implementation of the general health policies, related clauses of the resistance economy general policies, and other upstream documents in the field of health. Monitoring, evaluating and macro observation of health are also necessary for dynamism and prosperity of health economy and the achievement of affect and defense capabilities.

Exposure to mercury (Hg) as a heavy metal can cause health effects. The objective of this study was to assess occupational exposure to Hg in a chlor-alkali petrochemical industry in Iran by determining of Hg concentrations in air, blood and urine samples. The study was performed on 50 exposed subjects and 50 unexposed controls. Air samples were collected in the breathing zone of exposed subjects, using hopcalite sorbents. Analysis was performed using a cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometer (CV-AAS) according to NIOSH analytical method 6009. For all participants, blood and urine samples were collected and then transferred into sterile glass tubes. After micro-extraction with ionic liquid and back extraction with nitric acid, Hg concentrations in blood and urine samples were determined by CV-AAS. The mean concentration of air Hg was 0.042± 0.003 mg/m3. The mean concentrations of Hg in blood and urine samples of exposed subjects were significantly higher than unexposed controls (22.41± 12.58 versus 1.19± 0.95 µg/l and 30.61± 10.86 versus 1.99± 1.34 µg/g creatinine, respectively). Correlation of air Hg with blood Hg, urine Hg and blood Hg-urine Hg ratio were significant statistically (P< 0.05). The values of Hg in blood and urine samples of chlor-alkali workers were considerably high. Correlation coefficients showed that blood Hg and blood Hg-urine Hg ratio are better indicators than urine Hg for assessing occupationally exposed workers in terms of current exposure assessment.

Sampling of toxic mercury vapors (Hg0) is necessary for determination of occupational exposure levels of workers exposed to this contaminant. Given the tendency of carbon nanotubes for mercury adsorption, carbon nanotubes can be expected to be suitable sampling media for mercury. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of multi-walled and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT, MWCNT) in absorption of mercury vapors in the air. In this experimental study, the efficiency of absorption and different variables that affected on adsorption of mercury vapor such as, adsorption efficiency, desorption mass amounts of mercury, adsorption capacity, the time and temperature of desorption, repeatability, and retention time of mercury were optimized. Statistical method, one way - anova, multiple linear regression and T - test were used for survey of results accuracy. Capacity and adsorption efficiency of adsorbents related to mass amounts of adsorbents, type of carbon nanotubes and mass amounts of mercury. In this method, working range in SWCNT and MWCNT were 0.006 – 0.7 and 0.006 – 3 g respectively. The minimum of adsorption capacity in 80 mg of SWCNT and MWCNT was 0.006 g. The optimum time and temperature desorption for amounts of mercury were 10 minute and 250 °C respectively. The retention time of mercury adsorbed (90%) on carbon nanotubes was more than 3 weeks. Carbon nanotubes have the potential to be used for adsorption/ desorption of mercury vapors in the air.

Mercury is a toxic metal، without biological effect in human body and causes CNS and renal disease. So، removal of mercury vapor through sorbents is an important environmental problem. Due to high capability of nano particle sorbents، nano particle palladium modified on multi wall carbon nano tube (NPd-MWCNT) and single wall carbon nano tube (SWCNT) were selected for this investigation. In this study، instrumental conditions، method procedure and different effect parameters such as، absorption and adsorption efficiency، absorption capacity، temperature، time and repeatability were studied and optimized. In addition the efficiency of sorbents was compared. Absorption capacity and efficiency of sorbents depend on the amount of sorbent، kind of nano particle and mercury mass concentration. For 80 mg of sorbents، working range of NPd-MWCNT and SWCNT were achieved 0. 01-3 μg and 0. 02- 0. 7 μg respectively. Limit of detection (LOD) of NPd-MWCNT (0. 003 μg) and SWCNT (0. 006 μg) were obtained. In this research، mercury vapor was determined and produced by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS) and mercury pilot respectively. The results show us، the maximum absorption capacity of NPd-MWCNT (8 μg g-1) was higher than SWCNT (0. 5 μg g-1) and NPd-MWCNT that had high potential mercury removal.