mohammad mohebi

The present study aims to investigate the impact of inflation and exchange rate fluctuations on the attraction of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Iran, utilizing the Copula modeling approach. This study aims to offer a fresh perspective on the intricate and nonlinear relationship between these economic variables and foreign investment in Iran. This study was conducted using data related to foreign direct investment, inflation rates, and exchange rates during the period from 2003 to 2023.
The data were collected from reliable domestic and international sources and subsequently analyzed using the Copula method, which enables the modeling of complex dependencies between variables. In this context, 25 types of copula functions, including Clayton and Joe-Frank rotational functions, were employed to analyze the dependence among inflation, exchange rates, and foreign direct investment. The parameters of these functions were estimated and evaluated using Bayesian methods and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations.
The results of this study indicate that the relationship between inflation and exchange rates in relation to foreign direct investment (FDI) attraction is asymmetric and nonlinear. Furthermore, an increase in inflation is associated with a significant decrease in foreign investment. Additionally, fluctuations in exchange rates, as an economic risk factor, negatively impact foreign investors' decision-making and have diminished their willingness to invest in Iran. The results of copula modeling indicated that the Clayton function most effectively models the relationship between inflation and foreign direct investment (FDI) attraction, while the Joe-Frank rotational function is more appropriate for analyzing the relationship between exchange rates and FDI. Evaluation criteria include maximum likelihood, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), and the minimum root-mean-square error (RMSE), which indicate the accuracy of these functions in modeling the data under investigation.
The results indicate that inflation and the exchange rate have a significant negative impact on attracting foreign direct investment in Iran. High inflation, as a destabilizing factor, diminishes the appeal of investment, while exchange rate fluctuations, viewed as a significant economic risk, pose a barrier to foreign investors' entry. Copula analysis further emphasizes the asymmetric and intricate dependencies among these variables. As a result, Iranian economic policymakers can create a more favorable environment for attracting foreign investment by effectively managing the inflation rate and stabilizing the exchange rate. Future studies should consider shorter time periods and additional factors, such as interest rates and political stability, to gain a more accurate understanding of how these elements influence foreign investment attraction.

According to the important role of the banking industry in the economic development on one hand, and the importance of bank profitability as a necessity for the banks success on the other hand, this study tries to examine of the determinants of bank profitability in Iran provinces, emphasizing the transitional effect of economic growth during 1385-1397 applying GMM method. The results show that monetary policy and economic growth have positive effects, and inflation and nonperforming of loans have negative effects on the banks' profitability. In addition, the effect of the economic growth on the relationship between monetary policy and bank the profitability is positive. However, the effect of the granted loans is small and ignorable. Accordingly, it is suggested that policymakers increase the economic growth and reduce the inflation, and banks, instead of increasing their loans, check the credit status of the borrowers more closely and thus reduce credit risk.

The purpose of this study is to provide a model to determine the economic variables affecting the multidimensional poverty index in the Middle East in the period (1995-2017). The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of this study is Middle Eastern countries. Data collection has been done using official statistical centers in different countries in cooperation with the Statistics Center of Iran. Data analysis was performed using Eviews and SPSS software version 21. Various variables were effective in estimating the multidimensional poverty index in Middle Eastern countries. But the variables of human capital, capital formation, foreign trade, inflation rate due to terrorist threats, gross domestic stability) were analyzed as the most important influential variables. The generalized torque (GMM) method was used to analyze the proposed model and tests such as Sargan, regression coefficient, Jarco-Braha test, Watson camera statistics were used. The results of multidimensional poverty index analysis in the Middle East using the period from 1995 to 2017 in terms of manpower index (balanced fluctuations), gross domestic stability (constant fluctuations), inflation due to terrorist threats (high fluctuations with steep slopes into increase poverty), capital formation (poverty reduction fluctuations), foreign trade (very large fluctuations to reduce poverty). The results of estimating the research model in the form of a dynamic model by the generalized torque (GMM) method showed that the probability value related to the validity of the null hypothesis that the coefficient of variables FI (t-1), foreign trade (trade), inflation) is zero. Due to terrorist threats (IN), CF capital formation, Gross Domestic Stability (INV), and Human capital (H), the fixed value of the model is equal to 0.062, 0.042, 0.025, 0.046, 042, respectively. 0.8, 0.844, is smaller than the probability of the first type error 0.05. Therefore, at this level of error, the significance of the effect of these variables and the presence of a constant value in the model is not denied. The explanation coefficient of the model is equal to 0.738 and is larger than the standard limit of 0.7. Therefore, predicting the multidimensional poverty variable in Middle Eastern countries according to the independent variables considered in the model has relatively high accuracy.

Today, Islamic banking is expanding all over the world. Despite the success and growth of Islamic banks, the importance of continuous alignment of products and services to consumers is recognized as an important issue in the performance of Islamic banks. This research will examine the relationship between risk perception of products in Islamic banking and investment decision in terms of switching probability and switching intention. The primary goal and the most important step in this research is to identify the risks in Islamic banking. In terms of approach, this research is a hybrid type of research. The current research community includes university professors and banking experts. The statistical sample was selected using a targeted method from among the people of the statistical community who had at least 10 years of research or executive experience in the banking field. After fuzzy analysis of experts, credit, operational, market, liquidity, asymmetry, price, rental rate, etc. risks were identified in Islamic contracts. Also, the results of the research show that there are different types of risks in Islamic contracts with different degrees, which are significant from the customers' point of view. For example, legal partnership has a risk of 0.789, civil partnership has a risk of 0.773, Mudarabah has a risk of 0.771, etc.

Health is one of the issues with a great significance for all members of a society. People always try to protect themselves from harmful effects of pollution; hence, the averting behavior on their part. The present study has tried to estimate the net potable water pollution averting expenditures for citizens of Ahvaz.   

A multinomial logit model was estimated where the water quality parameters (color, odor and taste) were introduced in order to account for both direct desirability and health retention-induced desirability at the same time. In this study, averting behaviors included buying mineral water bottles, commercial treated water containers, and mounting a domestic water treatment system. The respondents’ socioeconomic features were controlled. Awareness of the status quo or a person’s prior experience with tap water pollution was introduced as the perceived risk variable.  

The results showed that the individuals’ willingness to [pay for tap water replacements were 1350, 1105, and 382 thousand Rials for mineral water, commercial treated water containers, and home water treatment systems, respectively. Additionally, it was found that expenses made for mineral and home- treated waters overestimated the averting costs. Figures obtained for annual net averting expenditures were 1890, 1548, and 534 billion Rials for mineral water, commercial treated water, and home- treated water, respectively. Summing up those three figures, the overall net averting expenditures were 3972 billion Rials which indicated the imposition of a huge cost on the society. 

The obtained figure can be used as a basis in cost-benefit analysis of water treatment plant improvement projects in Ahvaz, as well as payment of environmental subsidies.

Given the fact identifying motivational factors in tourism can play a significant role in determining the tourists’ consumption approach, the present study aims to investigate the motivational and inhibitory factors among flash-packers in the cities of Iran. To this end, semi-structured interviews were conducted. The findings revealed push and pull factors as the two main contributory motivational themes that can promote the flash-packing style of traveling. Push factors have both the individual and social dimensions. The former is comprised of four components of empiricism, self-actualization, escape from everyday life, and the promotion of world knowledge, while the latter is composed of experiencing the three subthemes of freedom, independence, and comfort. The pull factors are the destination generated forces with the two components of tourist attractions and the acquisition of science or skills in a target place. Besides, the findings showed that the inhibitory factors are classified into three main themes of infrastructure along with security and communication factors. Infrastructure includes the two main categories of health care and welfare services. The former includes the two components of environmental pollution and the lack of health services while the latter includes the quality of transportation and accommodation services. Security factors include social security, which is divided into the two components of physical and mental security. Finally, the communication dimension as the last emerged theme refers to technology and communication, which is classified into the two components of network coverage and filtering.

Economic sanctions have become a special tool in international relations since the Cold War, which seems more practical and more moral than military warfare. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between economic sanctions, corruption and economic fluctuations on investment. The present research investigates the macroeconomic indicators of trade volume, corruption and political risk, profit rate, liquidity, economic growth, economic sanctions, human capital, exchange rate, research and development expenditures, as well as investment in Iran during the years 2000 to 2019 using an applied correlational method. Furthermore, to analyze the data, Levenberg-Marquardt and neural network analysis of perceptron and artificial intelligence have been used. The fitting of the research model with a basic hypothesis has been confirmed. The results show that the model is estimated with the least error and the fitted line is approximately equal to the target value. Among the indicators, human capital has the most impact and economic growth has the least impact on investment while the impact of the other variables is intermediate.

Overuse of antibiotics is a cause of bacterial resistance. It is known that electro-magnetic waves emitted from electrical devices can cause changes in biological systems. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted from common Wi-Fi routers on changes in antibiotic sensitivity to opportunistic pathogenic bacteria. Materials and

Standard strains of bacteria were prepared in this study. An-tibiotic susceptibility test, based on the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, was carried out in Mueller-Hinton agar plates. Two different antibiotic susceptibility tests for Staphylococcus au-reus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were conducted after exposure to 2.4-GHz radiofrequency radiation. The control group was not exposed to radiation.

Our findings revealed that by increasing the duration of exposure to electromagnetic waves at a frequency of 2.4 GHz, bacte-rial resistance increased against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, especially after 24 hours (P<0.05).

The use of electromagnetic waves with a frequency of 2.4 GHz can be a suitable method for infection control and treatment.[

Human resource development plays an important role in eradicating poverty. Half of the world's population lives in rural areas suffering from high levels of poverty, malnutrition and low literacy. Fixing the grievances of this massive population through informed planning and sustainable development. Sustainable rural development is the process of promoting the full enjoyment of rural life through the orientation and encouragement of activities consistent with the capabilities and constraints of the environment (in its general sense). Thus, structural underlays in the four general environmental-ecological, socio-cultural, economic-political and physical-spatial aspects can lead to the proper functioning of this process. Sustainable rural development, in turn, is realized with the participation of villagers in decision-making, implementation, sharing of benefits and monitoring and evaluation. Hence, cooperatives, through their collaborative spirit, are considered as tools for the development of marginalized communities. Diversity is the basis of stability and as much as a system becomes more diverse, its sustainability and dynamism over time and in different places are maintained against internal and external tensions.Today, the diversification of the rural economy is one of the approaches taken to realize sustainable rural development. A special role of cooperatives as one of the most important sectors of the economy has become more recent and more serious as the Supreme Leader declares. An examination of existing cooperatives suggests that they cannot be efficient and effective with existing structures and, ultimately, have a dynamic and desirable function that ensures its survival and long-term durability. The present study was conducted to investigate and compare the efficiency and effectiveness of fisheries cooperatives in the northern and southern coasts of Qeshm Island. The research method was descriptive and the statistical population included 13 fisheries cooperatives (include active and passive) in Qeshm Island. The statistical data were collected by survey method and by collecting and completing the questionnaire, referring to the documents of the cooperative companies and the Fisheries Department and interviewing members of the cooperatives and fishery experts. Data analysis was performed using Spss and Excel software. According to research results, about 21% of cooperatives were active and the rest were almost inactive. The rate of efficiency, productivity, and investment of the first co-operative fisheries on the South Coast was higher than that of the North Coast co-operatives. Also, the net profits and net profits of the South Coast co-operatives were greater than the co-operatives on the North Coast. In the present study, it was revealed that the structure and functioning of the fishery cooperatives based on Qeshm Island did not comply with the general rules and regulations of cooperatives, which had a negative effect on their efficiency and effectiveness.

Article 2 of the UN Charter, including the principles of public international law, including the principle of non-use of force, the principles of Inherent Right of Self- defense and the principles of The Right of nations to self-Determination. These principles hold the pillars of international law that all countries and international organizations in international relations among themselves, should consider compliance with these principles. Cast and rebel groups in Yemen area, and identify them by governments, international organizations in international law, can have a different consequences. Recent developments in Yemen and Saudi Arabia’s following interventions that named Operation Decisive Storm interventions, and subsequent of that 2216 resolutions of the Security Council is extremely hesitant thoughts, indeed, if the issuance of this resolution could be due to the justification of military intervention of Saudi Arabia at the tumultuous scene of Yemen, with multiple actors which the roles are constantly is changing? This article tries descriptive- analytical way, illegal and non-legitimate military intervention in Yemen to Saudi Arabia with the fundamental principles of international law expressed in the Charter while defects of 2216 Resolution, and that this resolution is not conducive to legitimize Saudi Arabia’s military intervention in Yemen.