mohammadjavad pordel

The lack of a significant definition for historical thought, like many words of historical knowledge, has caused ambiguity and errors for the researchers of this science. By choosing the lexical definition method, which has the subtlety of gathering previous definitions and providing a definition close to them, this article has answered the question of what definition can be provided to understand the concept of historical thought among the Available definitions with the celected method. ? By creating a semantic field of words with close meanings and using the library method, the researches gathered around these meanings and the definition of "thought tendency of an individual or the school of opinion in some branches or all the theoretical fields of history" are proposed for historical thought. Finally, in order to determine the boundary of the proposed definition with parallel concepts, the differences between (history, historiography, etc.) were discussed.

On the verge of Imam Mahdi's absence, some sects came up in the Islamic world. Two of them, Muhammadiah and Nafisiyah were very important. These two sects which appeared in the era of Imam Hasan Askari and after his martyrdom, believed that Seyyed Muhammad, the other son of Imam Hasan, is the next Imam. The reason why these sects appeared is the main subject of this article, which is explored through historical analysis concerning multiple related statements. The article is based on the theory that causes like narratives about succession of imams specially succession of Imam Hadi, goodness of Seyyed Muhammad and his position near Imam Hadi, false believes about succession of older son and incorrect perceptions of the relating narratives, misgiving of Badaa, hiddening the birth of Imam Mahdi and some actions of deviant sects like Fatahiah have resulted in forming of these sects.