فهرست مطالب mohammadreza mokhtaree

Identification of causes of divorce in any society is the first and most important step in proposing practical solutions to this social problem. This study aimed to investigate certain causes of divorce in a community of divorce applicants in Rafsanjan, Iran.

In this descriptive study, 278 people (139 couples) applying for divorce, referring to counseling centers in Rafsanjan, Iran (2021) were enrolled via convenience sampling method. The causes of divorce were examined from the perspective of the counsellor and subjects. The data were analyzed using SPSS.

The mean age were 34.70±9.85 years. From the perspective of counsellors, psychological- psychiatric and sociocultural issues were the most common reasons for divorce (19.4% and 19.1% respectively). Men stated that the most important causes of divorce were lack of boundaries (parental interference) (21.6%), lack of empathetic dialogue (18%), and lack of conflict resolution skills (17.6%). According to women, the principal causes of divorce were the husband's addiction (17.3%), poor anger control skills (15.1%), and economic problems (15.1%).

The findings of this study indicated that apart from the issue of addiction and economy, other causes of divorce are related to marital skills, which can be reduced with proper pre-marriage education.

 Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the common psychiatric disorders among children and adolescents that can be created by both genetic and environmental factors.

 The present study aimed to evaluate the frequency of OCD and its patterns in families with OCD children.

 In this cross-sectional study, 95 children and adolescents with OCD who were referred to the Psychology Clinic of Rafsanjan, Iran, in 2016 were enrolled by a convenience sampling method. The research tool was an obsessive-compulsive questionnaire (children form), and interviews were also carried out with the patients to find the deterioration of the symptoms in them and/or their families. Data were presented and analyzed by mean ± SD, frequency, and Chi-square test. The level of significance was 0.05.

 The highest frequency of OCD patterns was washing, Checking, and doubt. 36.7% of fathers and 56.1% of mothers had one of obsessive-compulsive disorder patterns. Meanwhile, the most common pattern observed in the parents was cleaning. In total, 79.6% of the paternal families and 87.7% of the maternal families of the patients had OCD. Moreover, a significant relationship was observed in the levels of OCD between children and mothers (P = 0.027), whereas no significant association was detected between the OCD of children and that of their parents.

 Family history (especially maternal family) plays a significant role in OCD development, which is indicative of the transmission pattern of multifactorial traits, while the heritability of OCD is still not determined.
 

Suicide occurs due to a variety of causes, from heredity and biological factors to environmental factors. The present study aimed to evaluate the serum levels of vitamin D, ferritin, and hemoglobin in patients with attempted suicide referring to hospitals and compare them with the control group.

A comparison was made between the serum levels of vitamin D, ferritin, and hemoglobin of 60 suicidal patients referring to Ali ibn Abitaleb hospital of Rafsanjan from March to september 2020 and those of 60 relatives of selected patients with no history of suicide. The control group completed the Beck Suicide Thought Questionnaire (BSTQ). Chi-square, ANOVA, independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests were used to analyze the data.

The serum level of vitamin D in Patient with attempted suicide was lower, compared to that in controls (P=0.025). Among the age group of 15-35 years, serum levels of vitamin D were lower than those in the control group (P=0.039). Moreover, serum ferritin level in the attempted suicide group was lower than that in the control group (P=0.003). Serum ferritin level was significantly lower among the suidide attempters aged 15-15 years (P= 0.003), men with attempted suicide (P= 0.003) and suicidal women (P= 0.045), as compared to the control group.

As demonstratedd by the results of the present study, vitamin D deficiency and anemia can be two major risk factors for suicide. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and treat these deficiencies in people with psychological disorders, such as depression.

Comprehensive and reliable information about intellectual disability (ID) and its association with environmental and demographic variables is scarce.

This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of intelligence quotient (IQ) in children with ID.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, all children with ID under the care of the welfare organization and special needs schools of the city of Rafsanjan were included in the study by census sampling (n = 207). After obtaining informed consent, parents completed a checklist including participants’ age, gender, birth month, birth season, and birth order, and also parents’ age and education level. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and chi-square tests.

Out of 207 children, 107 (51.7%) were male, 100 (48.3%) were female, 36.2% were first-born, 14.5% were born in May, and 5.3% were born in March (the most-the least). The relationship of IQ to birth season and month was not significant (P > 0.05). Among the children, 39.6% were offspring of consanguineous marriages, but no significant relationship was observed between their IQ and consanguineous marriages (P > 0.05). The level of ID was correlated with parents’ age (P < 0.05). A significant relationship was also found between IQ and the number of offspring (P = 0.004). All cases of severe ID were seen in girls and a significant relationship was detected between IQ and gender (P = 0.0001).

Individuals with ID have an IQ below 70. ID in children was correlated with the parents’ old age and low education level, but not with their birth season. However, given the higher prevalence of infectious diseases especially viral infections in cold months, it is only sensible to educate couples about how to protect the health of mother and fetus during these periods.

Occupational burnout is an emotional response to chronic occupational stress. The aim of this study was determine the rate of occupational burnout among physicians working in Rafsanjan University hospitals Rafsanjan, Iran, and its correlation with personality dimensions: 2016. In this descriptive and correlational study, 161 physicians were recruited using the census method. After obtaining informed consent, respondents filled in the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and Maslach Burnout Inventory. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multiple linear regression. Gender, age, and working experience did not have a significant association with occupational burnout (P > 0.050). Moreover, 16 (9.9%), 139 (86.3%), and 6 (3.7%) of the physicians had low, moderate, and high occupational burnout, respectively. The mean score of emotional fatigue of women (P = 0.015) and individuals aged 35-50 years (P = 0.400) was higher. The association of job burnout was significant and inverse with all dimensions of personality and significant with the personality dimension of neuroticism (P < 0.001). Regression analysis indicated that 23.8% of occupational burnout was predictable by the personality dimension of extroversion [P = 0.021]. Ninety percent of the physicians had moderate to severe occupational burnout that was related to some personality dimensions. Since doctors play an important role in promoting community health, it seems necessary that trustee organizations, while investigating the factors affecting occupational burnout and trying to improve the status quo, use personality assessment as part of the appointment and organization process.

Substance abuse and consequently the use of methadone in Iran are reported at high levels. Drugs alter sexual function by affecting the organs of the body. The aim of this study was to evaluate sexual functioning and serum testosterone levels in opiate addicts, individuals receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT), and healthy men living in the city of Rafsanjan, Iran, in 2016. The statistical population of this descriptive study included: A) opium-smoking men, B) individuals undergoing MMT, and C) those without any history of substance abuse. Using a formula, the sample size consisted of 70 individuals who were randomly selected from the statistical population. The study samples also completed the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). Moreover, the serum testosterone levels were measured using the laboratory-based Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) diagnostic kits. The data were analyzed by SPSS software using Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests with a significant level of < 0.050. The serum testosterone levels in healthy individuals were higher than those in other two groups (P = 0.001). In addition, the sexual functioning indicators of men receiving MMT and opiate-smoking ones (P = 0.001) were lower than those of healthy individuals except for overall sexual satisfaction (P = 0.069). Methadone and opium reduce different aspects of sexual functioning. It seems that this change was through having impacts on serum testosterone levels; however, psychological, social, and economic dimensions are suggested to be considered in this domain.

Opioid addiction is a chronic disorder that can create main psychological, systematic, social, and economic problems. Among the different therapies of opioid addiction, Methadone maintenance therapy is one of the many therapeutic approaches. Methadone, like any drugs can effect on some organs. The aim of this study was evaluation of liver enzymes in people undergoing methadone maintenance therapy. In this retrospective study, level of liver enzymes including Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) measured before and 12 mounts after methadone therapy (from October 2015 to June 2016 Rafsanjan, Iran). Data analyzed by SPSS-16 using spearman, paired sample and independent T-test. P-value ≤0.05 considered significance. 98 people enrolled to study (male/female: 83/15). The mean age of them was 47.21±9.53 years (male/female: 48.42±9.51/40.53±65). Plasma levels of AST before and 12 months after methadone therapy was 31.44±21.61, 40.77±20.00 U/L which significantly increased (p= 0.001). Plasma levels of ALT before and 12 months after methadone therapy was 36.43±33.54 and 39.93±25.52 U/L (p= 0.183). Plasma levels of ALP before and 12 months after methadone therapy was 263.21±52.19 and 239.42±57.27 U/L which significantly decreased (p= 0.001). Mean dose of methadone in people with abnormal AST levels was higher than people with normal AST (p=0.003). Before methadone therapy, AST in 58.2%, ALT in 50% and ALP in 100% of subjects was higher than normal level. Treatment with methadone has an effect on the Aspartate Aminotransferase for at least one year and may increase it, which can be due to liver damage.

Behavioral disorders in childhood are very important due to the possibility of behavioral-mental disorders in adulthood. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of behavioral disorders factors among children in the 4th and 5th grade of primary school in Rafsanjan City, Iran, in 2016.
In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, 500 students were selected from among the 4th and 5th grade of primary school based on the sample size formula and randomized cluster sampling method. Parents of the selected children filled out the demographic characteristics checklist and the Rutter Children’s Behavior ýQuestionnaire. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test in SPSS software.
From the parents’ points of view, 110 (22%), 45 (9%), and 5 (1%) children had behavioral disorder, symptoms of aggression, and symptoms of antisocial behavior, respectively. The association between prevalence of behavioral disorder and student's age, father's occupation (P The prevalence of behavioral disorders among children in the 4th and 5th grade of primary school in Rafsanjan was high. Due to the negative effects of these disorders on different educational and social aspects of the students, the greater attention of authorities, teachers, and parents seems necessary to identify conducive factors and find appropriate strategies to prevent the emergence of such disorders.

Communication is a necessity of social life which is very important in health care settings due to the type of work and clients. The aim of this study was determine the association between interpersonal communication skills (ICSs) and personality dimensions of nurses working in Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences.
In this descriptive study, 223 nurses were selected by stratified random sampling method and they completed the Burton ICSs and the Revised NEO Personality Inventory ý. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation, independent t-test, and multiple linear regression at a significant level of P = 0.050.
Among the selected nurses, 9.9%, 75.8%, and 14.3% had a poor, moderate and good communication skills respectively. The association between age (P = 0.026) and work experience (P = 0.025) with ICSs were inversely significant. There was a significant correlation between good communication skills and the extroversion personality aspect (P = 0.001), pleasure (P More than half of the nurses had difficulties in ICSs. The communication pattern of nurses is effective in their performance and quality of work; therefore, their personality dimensions and traits can be taken into account in the process of recruiting, transferring, or moving them. Hence, each person can be appropriately located in the right place in terms of the area of activity, and type and number of clients.

Eye infectious is one of the most dangerous infections in hospitalized patients especially intensive care unit. The aim of this study was investigate the changes in microbial of eye surface of the patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit of Rafsanjan Ali-ibn Abitalib hospital (AS) hospital. All patients admitted to the intensive care unit in the first six months of 2015 were studied. At admission and then every 7 days a sampling of ocular surface patients with culture processes, microorganisms were identified. Data analyzed by SPSS-16 using Friedman test. During this time, 60 patients with a mean age of 26 years were studied. 45 patients had positive bacterial culture on admission. Klebsiella, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas and E-coli were observed in culture, and their changes were statistically significant. Eye infections in ICU patients is Serious and health care processes must be changes fundamentally to prevent infection

Sexual disorders are common among women. This study aimed to investigate the effect of pelvic exercises on women›s sexual satisfaction. Fifty subjects among 20-40-year-old women referring to the counseling center No. 1 of Rafsanjan Health Department were selected using convenient sampling and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The participants completed Linda Berg›s Sexual Satisfaction Scale in pretest and posttests. Five training sessions were
held on pelvic muscle (Kegel) exercises for the experimental group. The control group received no training.The collected data were analyzed using independent t-test, chi-square test and covariance analysis. Sexual satisfaction did not differ between the two groups in pretest (P = 0.614). No high rate of sexual satisfaction was observed for both groups in the pre-test; however, the difference was significant between the pre- and post-test sexual satisfaction scores for the experimental group (P = 0.02). Moreover, there was a significant difference between the sexual satisfaction scores in the post-test for both groups (P < 0.001). The Kegel exercise has an impact on women›s sexual satisfaction; therefore, gynecologists, midwives, and psychologists can also benefit from this exercise to improve women›s sexual function.

This study investigates the role of personality traits and academic selfefficacy in tendency to cheat among high school students.
260 students were selected using random sampling method. Study tools included Neo Personality Inventory, Jinks-Morgan Academic Self-Efficacy Scale, Sepehrinia′s Attitude toward Cheating Scale, and Scientific Knowledge Test. Data analyzed by using statistical regression and Chi-squared tests.
The rate of attempt to cheating in boys and girls was 60% and 50 % respectively. Results showed that all dimensions of personality traits except openness to experience in boys, and conscientiousness in girls predicted cheating attempt (Self-efficacy explained 20% of variance of tendency to cheat in boys, and 15% in girls).
It can be concluded that there is a relationship between academic selfefficacy and big personality traits.

The birth and presence of a child with mental-retardation in any family causes stress, hopelessness, and disappointment, as well as social, economic, and emotional problems. These problems lead to mental health reduction and using inefficient approaches in family. This research aimed to study the effect of education on mental health and stress rate. Also, it examined the effect of several styles of contrasting stress and stress management program on decreasing stress of parents with mentally-retarded children.
Parents of children with intellectual disabilities in Rafsanjan, Iran (2 health centers) completed Harry stress inventory (HIS) and general health questionnaire (GHQ). A total of 60 couples with high scores in these tests were selected and randomly assigned into 2 groups. Experimental group passed stress management course in 6 sessions for 3 weeks (two sessions per week). The educational contents in 6 sessions were as follows: teaching pathology, semiology, and mental health to parents, then 4 ways of therapeutic approaches of opposition, evasion, continence, and social support, and finally problem solving and practicing those skills. Control group did not receive any treatment. After final session, and then 1 month later, 2 groups completed GHQ and HIS (posttest and follow up). Data were analyzed with repeated measures test.
Average scores of stress rate in pretest and posttest in the experimental group had a significant difference (P=0.001), but this difference was not significant in follow up test (P=0.659). Average scores of mental health in pretest and posttest of experimental group had significant difference (P=0.001), but this difference was not significant in follow up test (P=0.646). With regard to different aspects of general health, the difference between mean scores of physical signs and depressive signs in pretest and posttest of intervention group was significant (P Educating stress management with cognitive–behavioral style could increase the mental health index of parents with mental-retarded children, decrease mothers’ physical and depressive signs, and improve their sleep and social performance. However, in this study, anxiety signs and social activities of parents did not improve. To explain this finding, it can be said that several variables affect the anxiety and social activities of people. And those factors are out of control of this study. These factors are in direct relation with economic situation of people that were not examined in the present research. Also, education stress management with cognitive–behavioral style could reduce perceptive stress of parents. Finally, education causes people, including
mothers of mentally-retarded children to know themselves better, recognize their strength and weak points, and reach a level of self-recognition that proceed improving their weak points and promoting their strong points. As a result, parents accept better the reality of their mentally-retarded child and better adapt to this situation. This will in turn reduce the mental stress and increase their health status.

The activity level of Narcotics Anonymous group (NA) is expanding in many countries, including Iran. Some research has confessed the benefits of 12-step NA approach compared with similar methods. In the present study, the role of regular participation of opioid addicts in the NA group was studied in terms of abstinence rate and compared with routine program of detoxification centers of the person Welfare Organization and Medical Sciences University. All addicts who attempted to quit in self-introducer clinical centers of Medical Sciences University and the Welfare Organization of Rafsanjan were suggested to participate and not to participate in NA, based on even and odd numbers, respectively. Among them, two equal 120-person (NA and control) groups were selected, then evaluated every three months and followed up for 12 months. Their status was assessed through questionnaires, interviews, and morphine tests. The purity rate of NA group with 8.49 months was significantly different with normal addicts in 5.19 months (p=0.001). The recurrence rate at 12 months was significantly lower in the NA group compared with the control group, calculated through independent t-test (p=0.001). Quitting history and addiction duration in the NA group was significantly higher than control group. The findings of the research support a better prognosis for participants of NA group. Further researches are recommended to provide useful clinical information for patients and professionals.

To determine the effect of opium smoking cessation on the frequency and type of microorganisms in the nasopharynx of opium smokers. This was a cross-sectional study performed in psychology and ENT department of Moradi Hospital of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences in 2008 (Kerman, Iran). Nasopharyngeal cultures were taken from 50 opium smokers before and 2 to 3 months after cessation of opium smoking. Potential pathogens were identified. Eight potential pathogens were isolated from nasopharyngeal cultures obtained from 43 individuals before opium smoking cessation, and 4 were recovered from 33 individuals after cessation (P < 0.0001). Streptococcus pneumonia, staphylococcus saprofiticus, streptococos α hemolytic, and staphylococcus aureus in 2nd culture were not seen.The most sensitivity to antibiotics was related to ceftriaxone (84%), ciprofloxacin (74%) and cloxacillin (72%); the most resistance was to amoxicillin (26%) and the least resistance was to chloramphenicol. In our study, some potential pathogens decreased or even disapeared after opium cessation. Our patients have not been advised to change their number of cigarettes. We have used methadone pill for substitution of opium. It seems that opium smoking affects nasopharyngeal flora.