mousa maleki

Persian garden is an architectural combination of solids and plants, a living component that reflects the culture of Persian nation and regional climate situations. The main structure of all of the world’s historical gardens are based on the nature and architecture or the method of combining plants, water and buildings that organize the body to create a suitable space for human life. What distinguishes the gardens as a cultural and natural heritage from other places is the conceptual layers of the meanings as well as physical and functional characteristics.
The purpose of this study is the optimal use of water in Persian gardens and according to the previous and present works with a combination of the modern innovations such as constructed wetlands and hydroponic greenhouses that attempt to use an optimal amount of water by reusing it in these gardens.
There are two direct and indirect ways to improve water efficiency. There are three direct ways to improve productivity: I. Increasing the deduction form without changing the amount of water consumed. In this way, the fractional face increases without reducing the amount of water used. Improving the fertilizer program (feeding), changing the cultivar, improving crop management are solutions that reduce water consumption, will increase the face of the fraction and thus improve the efficiency of water. II. Reducing the denominator of the fraction means implementing a program to reduce applied water by recognizing the physiological behavior of plants, recognizing useless uses and making arrangements to control them, modifying agricultural operations to reduce water consumption such as modifying the planting date, changing cultivation methods such as transplanting, modification cultivation arrangement, modification of irrigation method. III. Integrated method, in the sense that at the same time as decreasing the denominator of the fraction, the form of the fraction also increases. In this strategy, recognizing the useless uses, recognizing the physiological behavior of the plant, modifying the irrigation method along with modifying the management of fertilizer consumption and agricultural operations are cases that will lead to reduce the denominator and increasing the fraction. The indirect method basically deals with processes that, although very important and for which different inputs are used, but are not considered. Crop losses from harvest to consumer consumption, energy losses of agricultural and irrigation machines, leaching of fertilizers and damage caused by agricultural hazards are among the cases of loss of agricultural products. Obviously, the use of potash fertilizers can increase the crop resistance to frost or the use of blowers, irrigation, windbreaks, and other methods of dealing with agricultural hazards, will be effective in reducing damage and thus production productivity will increase. Constructed wetland and hydroponic system have been used in this research and have increased the water productivity.
This research has been accomplished by a descriptive-analytical method and field observation to improve the water productivity in Persian gardens and proposing a suitable plan for theses gardens in the semi-arid city of Esfahan. The first prerequisite for achieving water saving is the correct knowledge and understanding of the definitions and interpretations in the field of sustainable use of water, that is, to use correct and meaningful concepts. In the first step, a distinction must be made between "water use" and "water consumption". In order to identify and select technical and effective economic solutions on water demand and consumption management in each catchment, a regular system and framework of "water accounting" should be established. Instead of paying much attention to the development of pressurized irrigation in the country, more attention should be paid to other farming methods that reduce water consumption in agriculture. A Hybrid use of constructed wetland and hydroponic system in urban botanic garden could certainly overcome the water scarcity in semi-arid and arid regions such as Esfahan.

In this study, irrigation evaluation of different cultivars of Rapeseed and barley in 2017-2018 crop year was performed in Sharifabad farm of Qamroud section of Qom. The result led to optimization of cultivation and improved water productivity is in two products, Brassica napus and barley. The Groundwater EC of this farm is salty. Due to the salinity tolerance threshold of barley, barley was predicted without yield reduction. But in canola crop due to less tolerance to salinity, crop reduction was predicted. During one crop season, Brassica napus was cultivated in eleven cultivars by irrigation method, the planting date started from October 26 to October 17, In tape irrigation, it was irrigated between 10 and 13 times. The objectives of this study were a case comparison between different cultivars of Brassica napus, both foreign and domestic, resistance of cultivars to cold and water consumption and productivity and yield and most importantly a comparison between irrigation methods in terms of water consumption and water efficiency. Meanwhile, Hayola Shirazi cultivar had the highest yield among all cultivars in the type irrigation system with the lowest water consumption.

This climate type is characterized by extremely variable temperature conditions, with annual means decreasing and annual ranges increasing poleward, and relatively little precipitation. This climate is typically located deep within the interiors of continents and is contiguous with the tropical desert climates of North and South America and of central Asia. This region type owes its origins to locations deep within continental interiors, far from the windward coasts and sources of moist, maritime air. Remoteness from sources of water vapor is enhanced in some regions by mountain barriers upwind.The average amount of precipitation for the year in Qom is 12.1" (307.3mm). The month with the most precipitation on average is December with 1.9" (48.3mm) of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is June with an average of 0.1" (2.5mm). There are an average of 71.3 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in March with 10.5 days and the least precipitation occurring in July with 1.5 days. This research was done in the cropping year of 2018-2019 in one of the endowed lands of the holy threshold of Hazrat Fatemeh Al-Masoomeh located in the northeast of Qom province, Qomrud district. The objective of this study was to compare the water productivity and irrigation management between the two methods of type irrigation and surface irrigation and to compare different rapaseed and barley cultivars at salinity above 8000µmhos/cm.Rapeseed, (Brassica napus var. napus), is a winter or spring annual oil crop in the Brassica family. It is also known as rape and oilseed rape. Archaeological evidence dates barley cultivation to 5000 BCE in Egypt, 2350 BCE in Mesopotamia, 3000 BCE in northwestern Europe, and 1500 BCE in China. Barley was the chief bread plant of the Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans and of much of Europe through the 16th century. Genetic studies suggest that Tibet was an additional, independent centre of domestication for cultivated barley.

Water productiviy is about 0.77kg/m3 was calculated in the type irrigation method with water efficiency of 0.66kg/m3 compared to gravity irrigation (surface) which has a productivity of 0.20kg/m3. In hydroflow irrigation, it performed better than the previous two methods, but consumed more water (about 34.2%) than type irrigation. Regarding barley, it was cultivated in three cultivars and two types of irrigation methods, Fajr 30 cultivar increases water productivity by 2.2 by irrigating the type.

The most important result of this farm operation was that the water efficiency of type irrigation in repseed is more than 2.3 times that of flood irrigation. On the other hand, strip surface irrigation with hydroflume has a higher performance than the other two methods. On the other hand, Hayola Shirazi cultivar consumed about 14.3% less water and was cultivated in terms of planting time about 15 days after the first planting. Hayola Shirazi cultivar has 9% higher yield than the average canola and has the highest yield after Hayola Qom cultivar. But it has been consumed 15% less water than Hiola Qom cultivar. Therefore, due to the quality of water with a salinity of more than 8000 micro mhos per centimeter, local type irrigation for both barley and canola crops has had more than the highest water productivity and efficiency. Barley yield was obtained by irrigating more than ten tons, which is higher than the national average.

With the increase in population, global warming and climate changes, in the not too distant future, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, there will be a problem of water shortage, which can cause severe crises in various fields. Therefore, it is necessary to study the behavior of water in the past and provide solutions in order to achieve sustainability, to a large extent prevent the occurrence of problems caused by water scarcity such as desertification, development of poverty, threats to food security, air pollution and other destructive environmental, social and economic effects. . In a world with water security, the importance of the real value of water and the importance of water consumption for human life and well-being become one. In a world with water security, the productive power of water is under control and its destructive force is minimized. Water security also means managing and dealing with environmental protection and the negative effects of poor management. In water security, ending the scattered responsibility of water and integrating the management of water resources in all sectors including finance, planning, agriculture, energy, tourism, industry, education and health are considered. In this research, examining the trends of water consumption and scarcity on a regional and global scale, and classifying water scarcity for different years in order to direct and regulate management work in order to achieve the goals of sustainable development, trajectory archetypes have been discussed which can be useful in identifying suitable possible solutions to deal with water shortage, as well as evaluating solutions to reduce consumption, according to the climate of the region and its conditions.

In view of high population growth and water resources deficit in arid and semiarid area and groundwater resources shortage in mountainous area, there is an urgent need to identify the alternative sources of potable water. Fog is one of such sources of water. Although fog water yielding potential is largely ignored by water authorities, it was used extensively in ancient times and promoted the water productivity. The objective of this research is to review the fog collection in Yemen and South Africa. In El Tofo Mountain in Chagungo (Chile), 75 fog collectors were erected. According to the reports, production rates vary from zero on a clear day to maximum of 100000 liter per day. With this arrangement, each of the 330 villagers received about 33 liter of clean water per person per day. Geographical and climate characteristics, droplets distribution, and fog density need to be evaluated and are crucial factors for success of fog water harvesting project. Chemical and microbial studies of fog water harvesting show that the water quality is safe for human consumption. Thus, it can be considered as an alternative source of water in arid and semi-arid regions that dense fog could be available.

Nowadays water resources protection, by application of optimized, sustainable and economical approaches, for logical utilization of water has turned to one of the most vital and challenging issues worldwide. Additionally, water reuse, known as a strong factor in managing water crisis, is an appropriate alternative to handle this challenging crisis. This senior project discusses the design and construction of a solar water treatment system taking the advantage of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and a combination of natural processes. An UV wastewater treatment system is designed to demonstrate the wastewater treatment capability of the network. This system is specifically designed to eliminate bacterial contaminants and meet the needs of a community. Only sunlight is needed to power the treatment system. A solar panel collects energy from sunlight to be used for electrical consumptions such as pumping. Ultraviolet light disrupts bacteria and produces a source of drinking water. In fact, we try introducing an innovating idea of a decentralized solar wastewater treatment (DSWWT) machine, which is adaptable with environmental standards goals. In addition to being affordable and eco-friendly, it can be used in different kinds of communities (especially useful for remote communities).This machine will also be capable of being used in any residential, commercial or official building, which produces wastewater. Based on the assessments, manufacturing of this machine is easily reachable.