niloofar torfizadeh

The present research aimed to investigate the relationship between pathological personality traits and codependency considering the mediating role of reinforcement sensitivity (the behavioral inhibition and activation systems).

The research method was descriptive-correlational of structural equation modeling type. The statistical population included all women who had spouses with substance use disorder in the city of Songhor in 2021. Among them, 200 people were recruited by a convinence sampling method. In order to collect data, the Holyoake codependency index, the DSM-5 personality questionnaire, and the behavioral activation/behavioral inhibition scale were used. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling.

The results indicated that pathological personality traits had a significant direct effect on codependency, and behavioral activation/inhibition systems had a significant mediating role in this relationship. In sum, the results showed that the model had a desirable model fit.

Behavioral inhibition/activation systems have an important role in increasing or decreasing the relationship between pathological personality traits and codependency. Therefore, it is suggested to pay attention to codependency in the field of prevention, diagnosis, and therapeutic interventions.

Epilepsy - the most common chronic neurological disease of childhood - is unpleasant for family members, especially mothers, not to mention that they play key roles in the care and control of seizures . thereby suffering from high anxiety. Childhood onset epilepsy can have a very significant impact on family functioning with high rates of maternal anxiety and depression being reported , Such chronic diseases like epilepsy can also put the family at risk over a long period of time, as well as leading mothers to not paying enough attention to other aspects of life. Therefore, families having children with such disabilities are exposed to many stressors that can hinder family development. As well as impacting on the parents themselves, parental mental health symptoms can impact negatively on behavior in children with epilepsy underlining the need to identify and provide support for these problems.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness - based stress reduction on worry and quality of life in mothers of children with epilepsy. The design of this quasi -experimental study was pretest - posttest with a control group. The study population was all mothers of Children with Epilepsy in Isfahan. The sample of the study was 30 of these mothers who were purposefully selected from the Masih Epilepsy Society and randomly divided into 2 groups (experimental and control). The experimental group was trained in mindfulness - based stress reduction program (Based on theory Teasdale et al, 2007) for 8 sessions of 90 minutes and the control group did not receive any intervention during this period. Also, after the end of the study, treatment was performed for the people in the control group. The Pennsylvania State worry Questionnaire (1990) and the ware& Sherbourne Quality of Life Questionnaire (1992) were used to collect data.

The results were analyzed using analysis of covariance. The results showed that educational intervention reduced worry and increased quality of life in two main dimensions (physical health and mental health) in mothers with epileptic children (p < 0. 05) .

Mindfulness - based stress reduction program can reduce worry and increase the physical and mental health of mothers with epileptic children. Therefore, counselors and therapists can use mindfulness - based stress reduction therapy as intervention method to reduce worry and increase physical and mental health in mothers of children with epilepsy.

Epilepsy is among the most prevalent brain disorders, with abnormal discharge creating sensory disturbances, the loss of consciousness, impaired physical function, seizures, or a combination of these. Having such chronic diseases in childhood and adolescence is a crisis for family members, especially mothers. Most maternal problems include a negative attitude towards themselves, guilt, concerns about the nature and cause of strokes and their persistence, anxiety about the child's uncertain future education and occupation, and fear of having another child with epilepsy, which affects their mental health. The Mindfulness–Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) method is a comprehensive intervention that can effectively improve coping skills for depressive and psychological symptoms in vulnerable groups. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of the MBSR program on positive and negative Emotion Regulation Strategies (ERSs) in the mothers of epileptic children.

This was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest and a control group design. The statistical population was all mothers with epileptic children affiliated with the Masih Epilepsy Association in Isfahan City, Iran, until 2018. Using the convenience sampling method, 30 eligible mothers with a higher score in the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski et al., 2001) were selected. They were randomly divided into the experimental and control groups (n=15/group). The study's inclusion criteria were the age of mothers to range between 20 and 50 years; literacy; having at least one child with epilepsy aged between 7 and 16 years; mothers to live with their spouses during treatment, and providing consent to participate in the research. The exclusion criteria included severe physical illnesses or disabilities, absence from more than two training sessions, acute psychiatric disorders (depression, certain biopsychological illnesses, taking any hormonal & psychiatric medication prescribed by a psychiatrist), and unwillingness to continue participating. The research lasted for two months. The experimental group was trained in eight 90–minute MBSR program sessions; however, the control group received no intervention. The study subjects completed the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski et al., 2001) in two stages. The research data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (central indicators & dispersion, e.g., mean & standard deviation) and inferential statistics, including Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS at the significance level of 0.05.

The present study results indicated that after eliminating the effects of pretest scores, the difference between the experimental group and the control group in the mean posttest scores respecting the components of positive ERSs, including re–paying attention to planning (p<0.001), positive re–evaluation (p<0.001), adopting a point of view (p=0.004), and the total score of the positive ERSs (p<0.001) were significant. The effect size indicated that 36% of the differences in scores of re–paying attention to planning scores, 35% of the differences positive re–evaluation scores, 31% of the differences in adopting a point of views scores, and 42% of the differences in positive ERSs in posttest between the two groups were due to the intervention. Furthermore, after eliminating the effects of pretest scores, the difference between the experimental and control groups in the mean posttest scores of negative ERSs was significant only in the subscales of others' blaming strategy (p=0.040). The effect size indicated that 16% of the differences in the scores of others' blaming strategy in the post–test between the two groups were due to training intervention.

Based on the present study findings, the MBSR program effectively regulated emotions among the mothers of epileptic children.