p. akbarzadeh

The Markov chain model is one of the statistical-probabilistic approach that can predict the failure status of samples in higher cycles by using experimental results in primitive cycles and also it can be used instantaneously to control fatigue failure of parts in working. In this paper, double lap adhesive joints are subjected to cyclic loading at three different charge levels in the form of tensile load, and the purpose of this work is investigating the fatigue failure process of adhesive joints. In this study, ratcheting changes have been introduced as a failure indicator that shows the growth trend of fatigue failure. It is observed that fatigue damage occurred after 18% growth in the initial ratcheting size. These experimental results are consistent with the data obtained from the Markov chain model. Therefore, this forecasting method can predict the remaining life of double lap adhesive joints based on strain evaluations regardless of their loading history.

The impact of these projects on local communities is directly correlated with their success rate and the success of the project is affected by the participation of local residents. This study was conducted to investigate the socio-economic impacts of natural resource and watershed management projects under the influence of local indigenous residents of Mahdishahr county (in Semnan province-Iran). The statistical n in the quantitative part of the study consists of villagers residing in Artad village. Statistical sample size was determined by Cochran formula and 74 questionnaires were analyzed by using a comparison of residents' attitude and Factor Analysis method. In the qualitative part, the village council members and rural governors were assisted in data analysis and subject mapping and content analysis. Based on the results, residents' attitudes toward each of the four items showed a significant difference. The first statement, which is related to the socio-cultural factors and strategies used for participation in natural resource and watershed management projects indicated that the natural resource departments are currently lacking a proper strategy to participation attraction of the villagers (Attitude : Low) ; the project is largely funded by the Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management (Attitude: high) and the participation rate in mechanical and biological operations has been poorly evaluated (Attitude: Low). These cases have made these projects partially successful. The results of the factor analysis showed that the first factor affecting people's attitude toward the socio-economic impacts of natural resource and watershed projects is that the socio-economic impacts of these projects are affected by the extent of local residents' participation. This component has a variance of 90.43% which indicates the high importance of participation.

The paper intends to investigate the viewpoints of faculty members of the University of Tabriz toward the social impact of their researches. We applied a survey method for the data collection, with the research population being academic staff, of which, 20% were selected using stratified quota sampling method. As a whole, 153 faculty members of the University of Tabriz participated in this study. The results showed that the mean score of the self-assessment of the participating faculties was 8.72 and the mean of the research population was between 8.29 and 9.15 intervals with 95% confidence, which is the middle range of achievable scores. The self-assessment of major departments toward social impact has had a significant difference. It was found that "industry", "environment", "education", "policy and policy making" and "agriculture" are potential areas for the aforementioned faculties. Results also showed the higher the number of research contracts of faculty members with other organizations, the higher their self-assessment toward the social impact of their researches. Furthermore, some faculties having a working relationship with other organizations could assess the social impact of their researches more than those lacking such relationship. As such it was found that, encouraging the faculties to have working relationship and research contracts with other organizations could increase their attitude toward social impact. In other words, making them more engaged with real issues, including social could increase the impact of their researches.

The purpose of the present study was to isolate, culture expand and characterize canine bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. Bone marrow aspirates of 15 adult male dogs were collected to this end and their mononuclear cells isolated by centrifugation and cultured in standard media. The adherent cells were isolated and their mesenchymal origin was confirmed at 3rd passage by cellular morphology, expression of surface antigens and differentiation to osteogenic and adipogenic lineage. After 4 days, spindle shaped fibroblast like cells which were apparently bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells appeared in culture medium and their numbers increased over time. The cells reached 3rd passage with over 75% confluent after a mean of 22.89±5.75 days. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the cells negatively expressed CD34 and CD45 antigens while positively expressing CD44 and CD105 antigens. Differentiation into osteogenic and adipogenic lineage had taken place after one month culture in induction medium. VDR, COL1A1, BGLAP and SPARC gene expression indicated that mesenchymal stem cells isolated from canine bone marrow had differentiated into osteogenic lineage. These findings can form the basis of any forthcoming clinical studies involving the use of canine mesenchymal stem cells particularly in the field of bone and cartilage regeneration.