r. ebrahimi

The “Iranian Journal of Materials Forming (IJMF)” is an international open access journal in the fields of materials deformation and forming processes, which was established at Shiraz University in 2014. The journal welcomes submission from scientists and engineers from scientists and engineers in both academic and industrial sectors, covering all manufacturing processes. Additionally, the journal addresses various forms of material deformation, including elastic and plastic behaviors, as well as deformations caused by failure. The journal’s quality and credibility are upheld by a distinguished editorial board, featuring some of the world’s most renowned professors. Furthermore, the diverse group of referees selected for the journal underscores its scientific rigor. We are proud to announce that, for the fourth consecutive year, the journal has been successfully published quarterly, with the fourth issue of 2024 having been released.

The “Iranian Journal of Materials Forming (IJMF)” is an international open access journal in the fields of materials deformation and forming processes, which was established at Shiraz University in 2014. The journal is pleased to receive papers from scientists and engineers from academic and industrial areas related to all manufacturing processes. In addition, all deformations, including the elastic and plastic behaviors of materials and deformations due to failure, are part of this journal's field of interest. The quality and credibility of the journal have been ensured by appointing some of the most well-known professors in the world as members of its editorial board. In addition, the wide range of the selected referees in this issue is a sign of its scientific quality. It is a matter of pride that for the fourth year this journal has been successfully released quarterly and the third issue of the year was published in 2024.

Vine cicada (Psalmocharias alhageos) is one of the important pests of grapevines that is existing in Iran, Afghanistan, southern regions of Russia, Turkey and Iraq. The aim of the present research was to determine the resistance mechanisms to vine cicada in four grapevine rootstocks, Spoota, Nazemiyeh, Kober 5BB, and CH1. This research was carried out using randomized complete block design with three replications and three vines in each experimental unit at the Takestan grapevine research station from 2021 to 2023. The highest pest establishment was observed in the roots of Spoota (6.1%) and Nazemiyeh (5.8%) rootstocks. The highest total phenol was recorded in CH1 rootstock (4.86 mg gDW-1) and the lowest in Nazemiyeh rootstock (3.1 mg gDW-1). The highest root vascular cylinder was belonged to CH1 rootstock (72.6 μm). Considering that the cicada nymphs could not establish (only few nymphs) on the root of the Kober 5BB rootstock, therefore, the resistance mechanism in this grapevine rootstock was antibiosis. However, in the Nazimiya, Spoota and CH1 rootstocks, the cicada was established and fed from their roots, but they did not show any stagnating growth, therefore, the resistance mechanism in these rootstocks identified as tolerance.

This paper introduces a novel method for estimating the fatigue behavior of stainless steel 304 through a single tensile test. By utilizing the engineering and true stress-strain curves, the constants of the Basquin equation were derived. A significant innovation is the calculation of the true fracture stress, σ f, using the Bridgman correction from the tensile test. This σ f is equated to the Basquin constant σ'f, and the fatigue limit is approximated as half the ultimate tensile strength, allowing for the estimation of alternating stress, σa, for infinite cycles. The Basquin constant b was then adjusted based on calculated σa and σ'f values across various cycle counts. The estimated values for σ' f and b of 304 stainless steels are 1248.7 MPa and -0.07, respectively. The resulting fatigue curve showed good correlation with established data for stainless steel 304, presenting a cost-effective and efficient alternative to traditional fatigue testing, which is beneficial for engineers designing cyclically loaded components.

The “Iranian Journal of Materials Forming (IJMF)” is an international open access journal in the fields of materials deformation and forming processes, which was established at Shiraz University in 2014. The journal is pleased to receive papers from scientists and engineers from academic and industrial areas related to all manufacturing processes. In addition, all deformations, including the elastic and plastic behaviors of materials and deformations due to failure, are part of this journal's field of interest. The quality and credibility of the journal have been ensured by appointing some of the most well-known professors in the world as members of its editorial board. In addition, the wide range of the selected referees in this issue is a sign of its scientific quality. It is a matter of pride that for the fourth year this journal has been successfully released quarterly and the second issue of the year was published in 2024.

2024 marks the beginning of the second decade since the "Iranian Journal of Materials Forming (IJMF)" was established. This journal is an international open access journal in the fields of materials deformation and forming processes, which was established at Shiraz University in 2014. The journal is pleased to receive papers from scientists and engineers from academic and industrial areas related to all manufacturing processes. In addition, all deformations, including the elastic and plastic behaviors of materials and deformations due to failure, are part of this journal's field of interest. The quality and credibility of the journal have been ensured by appointing some of the most well-known professors in the world as members of its editorial board. In addition, the wide range of selected referees in this issue is a sign of its scientific quality. The journal has been published quarterly with great success, and the first issue of the year was released in 2024.

The "Iranian Journal of Materials Forming (IJMF)" has turned 10 years old. This journal is an international open access journal in the fields of materials deformation and forming processes, which was established at Shiraz University in 2014. The journal is pleased to receive papers from scientists and engineers from academic and industrial areas related to all manufacturing processes. In addition, all deformations, including the elastic and plastic behaviors of materials and deformations due to failure, are part of this journal's field of interest. The quality and credibility of the journal have been ensured by appointing some of the most well-known professors in the world as members of its editorial board. In addition, the wide range of selected referees in this issue is a sign of its scientific quality. It is a matter of pride that for the third year, this journal has been successfully released quarterly and the fourth issue of the year was published in 2023.

The main objective of this paper is to develop a seven-link dynamic model of the operator’s body while working with a motorized backpack sprayer. This model includes the coordinates of the sprayer relative to the body, the rotational inertia of the sprayer, the muscle moments acting on the joints, and a kinematic coupling that keeps the body balanced between the two legs. The constraint functions were determined and the non-linear differential equations of motion were derived using Lagrangian equations. The results show that undesirable fluctuations in the ankle force are noticeable at the beginning and end of a swing phase. Therefore, injuries to the ankle joint are more likely due to vibrations. The effects of engine speed and sprayer mass on the hip and ankle joint forces were then investigated. It is found that the engine speed and sprayer mass have significant effects on the hip and ankle forces and can be used as effective control parameters. The results of the analysis also show that increasing the engine speed increases the frequency of the hip joint force. However, no significant effects on the frequency of the ankle joint force are observed. The results of this study may provide researchers with insight into estimating the allowable working hours with the motorized backpack sprayers, prosthesis design, and load calculations of hip implants in the future.

The main purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of water quality parameters and then the distribution of fluoride ion concentration in groundwater resources of KabudarAhang city located in Hamadan province; For this purpose, after sampling from selected wells and chemical analysis of relevant data, the concentration of water quality parameters for all wet and dry seasons of 2016, 2011, 2006, and 2020 were analyzed. According to the WQI classification, most water samples in the final years are in the weak range and for the years 2006 to 2011 are in the good classification range. Over the years, the effects of fluoride on human health have been recognized. Fluoride concentration in groundwater of Hamedan suburbs (KabudarAhang) for wet and dry seasons of 2020 was investigated using GIS software and WQI statistical index. The results of this study showed that in some areas of KabudarAhang, there is a possibility of exposure to natural pollution due to increased concentration of fluoride in drinking water. In general, 18.91% of groundwater samples have higher concentrations than the maximum allowable concentration of fluoride recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) in drinking water. According to the proposed maps, the spatial variation of the studied parameter in groundwater was determined that the highest fluoride pollution is in the ideal route, located in the northwest of the region and Nodeh located in the southwest of the plain. The lowest fluoride concentration is in the northeast of the plain. The origin of this halogen group in the plains is due to geological factors, which is due to the country being located on the third fluoride belt in the world. In general, weathering and dissolution of gypsum, volcanic rocks, and calc-alkaline rocks cause an increase in fluoride levels in the groundwater of the area.

Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a common retinal disorder. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 2% dorzolamide eye drops in accelerating the recovery from acute CSCR.

This single-blind non-randomized clinical trial included a total of 45 patients with acute CSCR. The case group (26 people who received 2% Dorsolamide eye drops twice a day for three weeks) and the control group (19 people) were studied. CSCR improvement rates were evaluated and compared by fundoscopic examination and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) images before and three weeks after the intervention.

The two groups were homogeneous in terms of age, sex, and baseline visual acuity. Patients in Dorzolamide group showed a significant reduction in central macular thickness as measured by OCT for both the right (-180.36±152.74 µm, p<0.001) and left (-161.87±144.08 µm, p=0.004) eyes compared to control group. Moreover, 84.6% of patients in Dorzolamide group and 21% in the control group recovered from CSCR. CSCR recurred in two male patients in the control group, while no relapse was observed in Dorzolamide group within one month following treatment.

Our findings suggest that the use of 2% Dorzolamide eye drops twice daily for three weeks significantly reduces central macular thickness, disease duration, one-month recurrence, and the need for laser treatment in patients with CSCR.

Modern power systems deal with different stability concerns due to operation near to their critical margins. Implementing the small energy resources and online islanding schemes perform as a modification scheme for increasing the system overall stability. This paper presents an adaptive approach for online detection of islanding microgirds in the presence of renewable energy resources consisting of diesel generators. For this issue, based on the concept of thevenin impedance, the microgrid impedance matrix is evaluated. In this case, considering the system angular frequency as an online index within different operating conditions, the islanding operating cases are identified. The proposed scheme uses an online non-model-based index which provides high impedance values in the case of grid-connected operating mode. Through continuous time window, the system impedance derivatives-based matrix is provided which islanding operating scenarios are estimated. In this case, considering a set of analytical evaluations, the required adaptive parameters and corresponding online adjustments are provided. The proposed approach is carried out through a modified microgrid test system consisting of synchronous generators which considering different cases studies, the proposed scheme ability is evaluated. It is revealed that through different case studies about 100 ms time duration is required to estimate an islanding operating condition which the proposed MICI index goes lower than criteria. Simulation results dedicate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for online and fast identification of islanding scenarios with respect to other corresponding techniques.

The “Iranian Journal of Materials Forming (IJMF)” is an international open access journal in the fields of materials deformation and forming processes, which was established at Shiraz University in 2014. The journal is pleased to receive papers from scientists and engineers from academic and industrial areas related to all manufacturing processes. In addition, all deformations, including the elastic and plastic behaviors of materials and deformations due to failure, are part of this journal’s field of interest. The quality and credibility of the journal have been ensured by appointing some of the most well-known professors in the world as members of its editorial board. In addition, the wide range of the selected referees in this issue is a sign of its scientific quality. It is a matter of pride that for the third year this journal has been successfully released quarterly and the second issue of the year was published in 2023.

The “Iranian Journal of Materials Forming (IJMF)” turned ten years old and the first issue of the 10th volume was published. This is an international open access journal in the fields of materials deformation and forming processes, which was established at Shiraz University in 2014. The journal is pleased to receive papers from scientists and engineers from academic and industrial areas related to all manufacturing processes. In addition, all deformations, including the elastic and plastic behaviors of materials and deformations due to failure, are part of this journal’s field of interest. The quality and credibility of the journal have been ensured by appointing some of the most well-known professors in the world as members of its editorial board. In addition, the wide range of the selected referees in this issue is a sign of its scientific quality. It is a matter of pride that for the third year this journal has been successfully released quarterly and the first issue of the year was published in 2023. Unfortunately, the rate of receiving high quality articles has decreased due to rising the rejection rate. In order to publish on time and maintain quality, we need the cooperation of more experts in this specialized field.

The “Iranian Journal of Materials Forming (IJMF)” is an international open access journal in the fields of materials deformation and forming processes, which was established at Shiraz University in 2014. The journal is pleased to receive papers from scientists and engineers from academic and industrial areas related to all manufacturing processes. In addition, all deformations, including the elastic and plastic behaviors of materials and deformations due to failure, are part of this journal’s field of interest. The quality and credibility of the journal have been ensured by appointing some of the most well-known professors in the world as members of its editorial board. In addition, the wide range of the selected referees in this issue is a sign of its scientific quality. It is a matter of pride that this journal has been successfully released quarterly for a second consecutive year with the fourth issue being published in 2022. Unfortunately, the rate at which we used to receive high quality articles has decreased due to a rise in the rejection rates. In order to publish on time and maintain quality, we need the cooperation of more experts in this specialized field.

This paper investigated a numerical simulation of the undesirable effects of swirl inlet distortion on a low-speed axial compressor rotor and the effect of plasma actuators as an active flow control method on reducing these flow instabilities. Initially, the effect of co and counter-rotating inlet swirl distortion at angles of ±5 and ±10° on the rotor's performance and efficiency was evaluated. Then, using simulations of plasma actuators' fluid dynamics effects, the effect of this method on mitigating the destructive effects of this type of bulk swirl distortion was examined. Co-rotation swirl distortion reduces the rotor's total pressure rise coefficient, whereas counter-rotation swirl distortion reduces the stall margin. Applying plasma actuators by modifying the rotor inlet flow angle, leading to stall margin improvement. Furthermore, in the 5 degree counter rotation swirl distortion case, plasma actuators, in addition to compensating the adverse effects of swirl distortion, increased the stall margin by 1.3%

The “Iranian Journal of Materials Forming (IJMF)” is an international open-access journal in the fields of materials deformation and forming processes, which was established at Shiraz University in 2014. The journal is pleased to receive papers from scientists and engineers from academic and industrial areas related to all manufacturing processes. In addition, all deformations, including the elastic and plastic behaviors of materials and deformations due to failure, are part of this journal’s field of interest. The quality and credibility of the journal have been ensured by appointing some of the most well-known professors in the world as members of its editorial board. In addition, the wide range of the selected referees in this issue is a sign of its scientific quality. It is a matter of pride that for the second year, this journal has been successfully released quarterly and the third issue was published in 2022.

The “Iranian Journal of Materials Forming (IJMF)” is an international open-access journal in the fields of materials deformation and forming processes, which was established at Shiraz University in 2014. The journal is pleased to receive papers from scientists and engineers from academic and industrial areas related to all manufacturing processes. In addition, all deformations, including the elastic and plastic behaviors of materials and deformations due to failure, are part of this journal’s field of interest. The quality and credibility of the journal have been ensured by appointing some of the most well-known professors in the world as members of its editorial board. Recently, some world-renowned scientists have also joined the editorial board, making it stronger than before. In addition, the wide range of the selected referees in this issue is a sign of its scientific quality. It is a matter of pride that for the second year, this journal has been successfully released quarterly, and the second issue was published in 2022.

Despite the advantages and conveniences that NiTi files offer, their main drawback is their catastrophic fracture due to cyclic and torsional fatigue leading to instrument separation. This study aimed to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of two single file engine-driven instruments, HyFlex EDM and NeoNiTi A1, in simulated curved canals.

In this experimental study, NiTi endodontic instruments with a similar tip size of 0.25 mm were investigated in two groups of 20: HyFlex EDM (group A) and Neoniti A1 (group B). Evaluation of cyclic fatigue was conducted in a stainless steel artificial canal with a 60° angle and 5-mm radius curvature. HyFlex EDM and Neoniti A1 instruments were operated based on the instruction for use provided by the manufacturers. All instruments were rotated (at 400 rpm) until fracture, and the number of cycles to fracture (NCF) and the length of the fractured tip were documented. Means and standard deviations of NCF and fragment length were determined for each system and compared using the Mann-Whitney test (P<0.05).

A statistically significant difference was detected when comparing the NCF, and time until fracture of HyFlex EDM and Neoniti A1 instruments (P=0.001). HyFlex EDM instruments showed significantly greater mean NCF in comparison with Neoniti A1 instruments (2984.75 ± 576.14 vs. 839.55 ± 305.5 NCF). No statistically significant difference was found in the mean length of the fractured fragments between the instruments (P=0.683).

HyFlex EDM instruments showed significantly greater cyclic fatigue resistance compared with Neoniti A1 instruments.

Twin Parallel Channel Angular Extrusion (TPCAE) is a newly presented severe plastic deformation (SPD) technique in which two specimens can be processed simultaneously. This method is capable of processing more volumes of materials in addition to less energy consumption. In the present work, stress analysis of tools in this method was conducted using DEFORM 2D finite element software package. Moreover, in order to compare the results with the stress configuration in the conventional Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE) process in parallel channels, named Single Parallel Channel Angular Extrusion (SPCAE), stress analysis was also conducted with the same processing condition as TPCAE simulation. The results illustrate that TPCAE is a method with lower magnitudes of stress concentrations in the die and lower overall stress magnitudes in the punch with respect to the SPCAE. In addition, it was found that on the contrary to SPCAE, there is a symmetrical stress distribution in the punch and die in TPCAE, bringing about more lifetime for this method.

In the turbines with a low mass-flow inlet, the partial-admission teqnique is used. Inorder to obtain a high specif work, it is necessary to use the turbine in supersonic flow regime. Firstly in this paper, the partially-admitted supersonic turbines and their applications are described. The main objective of the paper is to investigate the effects of the stator's nozzle divergent part profile on the turbine's performance. To this end, several different models are made using a nozzle profiling techniques. The flow field in the complete turbine pack is numerically simulated with the aim of computational fluid dynamics. The turbine's performance is investigated by examining the efficiency of the first law and the second law of thermodynamics, as well as the analysis of exergy and exergy degradation. The results show that the selection of suitable nozzle profile has an effective role in increasing the turbine efficiency and prevention of wasting energy.

In order to investigate the effects of solitary and combined application of chemical and biological fertilizers on the yield and yield components of quinoa plant, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Dastgerd (Borkhar), Isfahan, central Iran, during the 2017-2018 growing season. Experimental factors included four levels of Chemical fertilizers [control, urea, triple superphosphate (TSP), and combined urea + TSP fertilizers] and bio-fertilizers at four levels (no inoculation, and inoculations with nitroxin, bio-phosphorus, and combined nitroxin + biophosphorus). Results showed that the interaction effects of chemical and biological fertilizers on leaf area index, grain yield, and yield components (including number of panicles per m2, number of grains per panicle, and 1000-grain weight) of quinoa plant were significant at 1% probability level. Combined application of urea and TSP fertilizers had the highest impact on the biological yield. Overall, the results showed that plant height, chlorophyll content and the number of panicles per m2 were significantly influenced by nitrogen sources of fertilizers used in this study. The phosphorus fertilizer sources had the highest effects on leaf area index, number of grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and biological yield, which can be attributed to the greater impact of nitrogen on the increase of prolific panicles and to the marked role of phosphorus in both flower and grain formation. The integrated application of biofertilizers and all of the examined chemical fertilizers treatments increased the yield of quinoa plant compared to the control. Therefore, the application of biofertilizers as supplements can be introduced as a practical approach for optimal and balanced use of chemical fertilizers in order to achieve sustainable agriculture goals in quinoa cultivation.

In this paper, we study the structural and electronic properties of the cubic PbTiO3 compound by using the density functional theory. For the calculation of band structure and density of states, we use the modified Becke–Johnson exchange potential proposed by Tran and Blaha (TB-mBJ), including the relativistic spin-orbit coupling (SOC). The results obtained from TB-mBJ functional and SOC calculations show that the calculated band gap is 2.18 eV. IRelast computational package is very recently implemented into the WIEN2k code and can be used to calculate the elastic constants of the crystal structures, where IR stands for Iran. We calculate the elastic constants of this compound by the IRelast code using the PBE-GGA, PBEsol-GGA, LDA, BPW91 and Engel-Vosko functionals. Then, by these elastic constants, we obtain some other related physical quantities such as shear constant, bulk modulus, Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio. Furthermore, we calculate the ductility of the compound under question. The calculated ductility shows that our compound is formable and not fragile. The effect of pressure on the elastic constants shows that C11, C12 and C44 are increased as the pressure is raised inside the considered pressure interval. Furthermore, the longitudinal and transverse sound velocities are derived for the compound using its calculated elastic constants. The results, therefore, show that the sound velocities, like elastic constants, are increased as pressure is raised .

This study aimed to develop and evaluate the accuracy of equations to calculate degree days using the average daily air temperature is wrote. In order to the beginning, calculate the heating degree days ( ) and cooling ( ) of output Asfazari database using two models, and considering the brink of the United States of America was used Standards Association. In order to relationship the need for heating and cooling stepwise multiple linear regression method with the country of cubic and quadratic equations were used. The results showed that quadratic function is much more accurate than predictions cubic function for heating and cooling needs with a standard deviation 0/328 and 0/370 from. The beta coefficient ( ) and indicates that except for the constant in the equation , factor temperature with an average three lies more important than other factors are input to models for heating needs. As well as for be cooling needs of an average air temperature is more important than other factors. Calculate the combined standard deviation , latitude and altitude increased the accuracy of prediction model that represents the spatial variation of these parameters and alignment of multilateral environmental factors. Spatial analysis requires several characteristic heating and cooling climate for this parameter in the territory of Iran is evident: 1. implantation weather in the form of climatic zones; (2) require high spatial variation uneven heating and cooling arrangement and sharp changes in elevation.

Stroke associated with many risk factors is a major public health problem in worldwide. The diagnosis and modification of risk factors is an important public health strategy to reduce the risk of stroke. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the risk factors of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic stroke. This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 576 patients with a diagnosis of stroke, admitted to East Guilan Gilan and West Mazandaran Hospitals during 2009-2011. The required information was obtained from their records and recorded in checklist. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS16 through descriptive statistics (frequency, mean and standard deviation) and analytical statistics (chi-square and Fisher's exact test. The significant level was considered p <0.05 56%of patients were female. 57% of patients were between 61-80 years of age. 73% of patients had a history of hypertension. 68%of patients had a history of heart disease. 31% of patients had a history of diabetes and 54% of patients had a history of hyperlipidemia. According to the results and role of heart and hypertension diseases on the incidence of stroke, it is recommended that more attention should be paid to the screening of the blood pressure especially in risk group such as the elderly.

Lean premixed combustion is widely used in recent years as a method to achieve the environmental standards with regard to NOx emission. In spite of the advantages, premixed combustion systems with equivalence ratios less than one are susceptible to combustion instability. To study the lean combustion instability experimentally, one premixed combustion setup, equipped with reactant supplying system, is designed and manufactured. In this research, gaseous propane is introduced as fuel and experiments are performed at nearly atmospheric pressure with equivalence ratios within the range of 0.7 to 1.5 and fuel mass flow rates of 2 to 4 gr/s. It has been observed that the combustion chamber of the gas turbine becomes unstable when equivalence ratio is less than one. To distinguish the combustion instability, through various operating conditions, probability density functions, spectral diagrams, space distribution of pressure oscillations, along with Rayleigh criteria are employed. Accordingly, equivalence ratio effects in stabilizing the unstable combustion system is investigated experimentally. Moreover, convective delay time is calculated for all experiments and the results are compared with Rayleigh Criteria, showing relatively good agreements. Finally, stability limits are identified, based on inlet mass flow rate and equivalence ratio.