s. karimzadeh

Let f:A→B be a ring homomorphism and let J be an ideal of B. We proved some results concerning n-ideals and (2; n)-ideals of A⋈^f J. Then we recall a proper ideal I of A as √(δ(0))-ideal if ab ϵ I then b ∈ I or a ∈ √(δ(0)) for every a; b ∈ A. We investigate some properties of √(δ(0))-ideal with similar n-ideals and J-ideals.

Today, the rapid physical growth and development of cities has caused significant changes in their physical and functional characteristics, and as a result, many problems have arisen. The cities of Tehran and Tabriz, as the two metropolises of Iran, are no exception to this rule, because the reason for their development in recent years and the concentration and overcrowding of various uses, especially commercial uses and medical services in the central sector, issues and problems for transportation network failure. It has created two cities. Accordingly, in the present study, these two metropolises have been studied. Remote sensing observations at night provide us with an explicit and timely measurement of human activities. Numerous studies have shown that night light (NTL) can be used as a proxy for a number of variables, including urbanization, density, and economic growth. Accordingly, in this study, we examined urban growth and its effects using remote sensing at night. For this purpose, satellite images of SOUMI NPP, LANDSAT 8 and LANDSAT 7 as well as traffic information obtained from Google map were used, using ENVI 5.3, QGIS 3.10, ARC GIS 10.3 software, Google Earth Engine system and MATLAB software. This data was done. First, the physical development of the studied cities was investigated using the BUNTUS algorithm (urban built-up areas, night light image and travel time for the city limits). The results showed that both cities had a slight slope growth during this nine-year period (2020-2012). After calculating urban growth to study urban traffic, regression was performed between traffic information and numerical value of image pixels (DN) using MATLAB software, which showed the correlation between these two layers of information.

Earthquakes and their consequences should be studied in detail in order to reduce the number of casualties in future events. From the beginning of the twenty first century until now more than 800000 deaths were reported, in which most of the casualties are located in Alp-Himalayan seismic belt. Bam earthquake in 2003 in central Iran, with more than 26000 casualties, Indian Ocean earthquake in 2004, with approximately 200000 casualties, Sichuan earthquake in 2008 in China with more than 96000 casualties, and Haiti earthquake in 2010 in Haiti with approximately 321000 casualties are only a few given examples that how devastating the earthquakes can be. Instant deaths right after a strong earthquake is primarily because of physical contact of rubbles material with exposed people, but the second phase of casualties emerge due to injuries, suffocation of trapped people among the rubbles and wasted materials, and collateral hazards such as fire. Although the instant deaths look inevitable, second phase casualties can be decreased by addressing rapid disaster response based on recent remote sensing earth observation systems to bring the quality of search and rescue teams to an actionable level, especially for night-time earthquakes. In SAR remote sensing imagery, addressing of seismic damage states initiated with simple indices such as difference and correlation of SAR backscatters of pre- and post-event images, difference of coherence value of interferometric phase analysis, and their combination. Furthermore, regression analysis of SAR backscattering of pre- and post-event images together with seismic intensity were also applied for deeper understanding of the earthquake damages. In the recent developments of earthquake damage assessment, combination of multitemporal dual-polarized SAR data, combination of multitemporal ascending-descending SAR data and only post-event SAR data are common methods to decrease the level of uncertainty. In the optical remote sensing, damage assessment was initiated by visual comparison of pre- and post-event images. However it is possible to apply methodologies based on only post-event images if lower accuracy is needed. Therefore, visual interpretation of optical images, rather than automated change detection, is widely used in practice for building damage detection. Saito et al. (2004) visually interpreted collapsed buildings using three IKONOS images taken before and after the Gujarat earthquake, and confirmed the quality of the results by ground survey data. Further, Saito and Spence (2005) compared the visual interpretation results from only post-event QuickBird images with those from pre- and post-event images, and revealed that the building damage tended to be underestimated when only post-event images were available. Adams et al. (2005) used a visualization system integrated pre- and post-event QuickBird imagery to direct rescuers to the hardest hit areas and support efficient route planning and progress monitoring in the emergency response phase of the Bam earthquake. By comparing the pre- and post-event QuickBird imagery visually, Yamazaki et al. (2005) classified the damaged buildings caused by the Bam earthquake into four damage grades (EMS98). Comparing the results to field survey data revealed that the pre-event imagery was more helpful in detecting lower damage grades through visual interpretation. Here various machine learning based techniques for performance understanding of the classifiers in an urban scale is presented. This study covers a comprehensive seismic damage assessment of Sarpol-e Zahab town in western Iran which was affected by an earthquake M 7.3 on 12 November, 2017. The damage concept is evaluated using both synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical images. Two pre-event and one post-event dual-polarized high resolution SAR images of ALOS-2 satellite, and one pre-event and one post-event very high resolution optical images of WorldView-2 satellite (4 bands) are contributed in the comprehensive seismic damage assessment. In SAR dataset, twenty-four influential parameters are extracted from interferometric phase correlation (differential coherence), differential intensity, and differential texture analysis of HH and HV channels, whereas in optical dataset, twenty influential parameters are derived from differential texture analysis of red, green, blue and infrared (IR) bands. For the derived parameters of each dataset, principal component analysis (PCA) and machine learning based algorithms (i.e. random forests, support vector machine, naive Bayes, k-nearest neighbors and regression tree) are carried out in order to extract the damage maps and their related accuracy with respect to the calibration data which is acquired from United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR).

In the present investigation effects of time and temperature on plasma nitriding behavior of DIN 1.2344 (AISI H13) steel are studied. Pulsed plasma nitriding process with a gas mixture of N2 = 25% + H2 = 75% and duty cycle of 70% is applied to cylindrical samples of DIN 1.2344 hot work tool steel. X-ray diffraction, surface roughness, microhardness and ball on disc wear test are performed and behavior of plasma nitrided samples are compared. Scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy are used in order to observe the microstructure of samples after nitriding. XRD results showed that the compound layer is dual phase. Hardness near the surface dropped by rising the process temperature and it rose in longer process durations. The comparison of µ results showed frictional properties in longer durations with lower temperatures is approximately the same in higher temperatures with shorter durations.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of dietary nucleotides on performance, immune system and salinity resistance of kutum fingerlings during migration to the sea. Five experimental diets were prepared by addition of Hilyses (0.75 and 1.5%) and/or Augic15 (0.3 and 0.6%) to a control diet. After eight weeks adding nucleotide diets, fish were exposed to saline water for 48h. Supplementation of both nucleotide sources improved fish growth parameters (p<0.05). Fish mortality was also decreased by the additives in both fresh and sea water. Glucose and cortisol levels significantly decreased with the administration of both nucleotide sources (62 to 69 versus 75 mg dL-1 for glucose and 6 to 8.5 versus 9.8 mg dL-1 for cortisol (p<0.05). Supplementation of Hilyses and /or Augic15 increased lysozyme activity in the blood (p<0.05) and maximum activity has observed in fish fed at high doses of Hilyses and Augic15diets. In conclusion, an improved performance of R. kutum fingerlings fed on or with both nucleotide sources may suggest that kutum fingerlings require a larger dietary nucleotide at early life stage to control stress related parameters such as cortisol and glucose.

Medicinal plants have undoubtedly been considered by human beings since ancient times. Sambucus ebulus (Caprifoliaceae) is one of the best known medicinal herbs since ancient times and is native to Southern and Central Europe, Northwest Africa, and Southwest Asia (especially Northern Iran) (Westwood 1985; Jabbari et al. 2017). It plays an important role in traditional medicine in many countries from different regions of the world (Jabbari et al. 2017). During the summer of 2014, leaf spots have been observed on S. ebulus plants in Gilan and Mazandaran provinces, Iran. Symptoms on infected leaves appeared as brown necrotic spots that surrounded by distinct dark brown haloes and were circular to irregularly in shape. During the summer of 2014 and 2015, sampling was done in Gilan and Mazandaran provinces from symptomatic leaves of S. ebulus and the fungus was isolated on 2% water agar (WA 2%) and potato dextrose agar (PDA). Pure fungal cultures were obtained by picking up a single spore on PDA. For morphological identification, the isolates were cultured on Potato Carrot Agar medium (PCA) and incubated at 25 °C under cool-white fluorescent with 16 h dark, 8 h light photoperiod for 14 days (Simmons 2007). The seven-days-old colonies on PCA were dark olive to brown in color and 70 mm in diameter. Primary conidiophores were often simple, reached to 70 µm in length and produced numerous conidia in a simple long chain. The conidia were 8–12 × 20–45 µm in size, egg or club shaped and contained 3-5 transverse and 1-2 longitudinal septa (Fig. 1a-c).According to macro- and micro morphological characters, all recovered isolated were identified as Alternaria tenuissima which was later synonymized under the name of A. alternata by Woudenberg et al. (2015). PCR amplification of the nuclear ITS-rDNA and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit regions was performed using primers ITS1/ITS4 and RPB2–5F2/fRPB2–7cR respectively (White et al. 1990, Sung et al. 2007; Liu et al. 1999). The sequence of NG1 isolate was deposited into the GenBank with the accession numbers MK212914 for ITS-rDNA and MK262741 for rpb2 region and living cultures of this strain were deposited in the Agriculture Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran culture collection (ABRII 10119). Phylogenetic estimates were evaluated using the Maximum Parsimony Analyses in MEGA 6.0 (Tamura et al. 2013). The results of phylogenetic study showed, NG1 isolate was clustered in a well-supported clade (100%) including sec. Alternaria and related to Alternaria alternate isolates (Fig. 2).  Pathogenicity test was performed in greenhouse condition on the detached leaves taken from healthy S. ebulus. Ten healthy leaves per isolates were cleaned with sterile water and were inoculated with conidial suspension containing 1 × 106 conidia/mL using the spray method. The control leaves were inoculated with distilled water. Leaf spots similar to the original symptoms were observed on all inoculated leaves after 5 days since inoculation and the fungus re-isolated from leaf lesions (Fig. 1e-g). Also, no symptoms were seen in controls.