s. r. ebrahimi

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of 20 and 40 kGy doses of Gamma-Ray (GR), 90 and 120-second- Infrared Irradiation (IR), as well as 15 and 30 minute- Roasting (R) at 140˚C on Amino Acid (AA) profile, AA degradation, ruminal Dry Matter (DM), and Crude Protein (CP) degradation kinetics and in vitro digestibility of Linseed Meal (LSM). The results indicated that while the AAs contents of untreated LSM were relatively higher, the disappearances of AA were decreased by GR and IR after 16 hours of incubation in the rumen (P< 0.01). Moreover, irradiation decreased the water-soluble fraction and increased the potentially degradable fraction of DM and CP (P< 0.01). On the other hand, GR treatments decreased the Effective Ruminal Degradability (ERD) of DM and CP at ruminal outflow rates of 0.05 and 0.08 h-1 (P< 0.01). The digestible undegradable protein and the metabolizable protein of GR and IR at three outflow rates (0.02, 0.05 and 0.08 h-1) were significantly higher than the roasted treatment and the control group (P< 0.01). Metabolizable Protein (MP) of IR did not have a significant difference with the control group in the outflow rate of 0.02, but there was significant increase in outflow rates of 0.05 and 0.08 h-1 (P< 0.01).

Newcastle disease (ND), avian influenza (AI) and infectious bursal disease (IBD) cause severe damage to the poultry industry. Vaccination is often used to prevention or control the spread of poultry diseases. Inactivated vaccines are used to produce the uniform antibody titer, the increase antibody levels and its shelf life. In this study, the ND, AI and IBD triple inactivated vaccine was designed and prepared in laboratory scale. Then its immunization potential was evaluated in SPF chickens. To produce the triple vaccine, the ND V4, avian AI H9N2 and IBD 07IR standard strains were separately propagated in embryonated eggs. The viral suspensions were inactivated after virus titration. Different amounts of each virus were considered as a dose and introduced as a vaccine after standard control tests. The prepared vaccine was injected along with an imported vaccine to different groups of SPF chickens and HI, VN and ELISA tests were performed on serum samples. The HI titer was 7.6 for ND and 6.7 for AI. In the VN test, the neutralization index for IBD was 3.5. In the ELISA test, the antibody titer against ND was 8481, for AI 7569 and for IBD 3108. These data did not differ significantly from the results of the imported vaccine. The results showed that the developed triple inactivated vaccine provided good immunity and also had no side effects for SPF chickens.

Newcastle disease (ND) is an important viral disease of poultry causing severe economic losses and drop in egg production in broiler and layers flocks. Despite vaccination with both live attenuated and inactivated NDV strains to immunize birds, ND is still a serious problem in poultry industry especially in developing countries like Iran. plaque purified NDV strain clone IR12 produced by Razi Institute was propagated in 10-day-old SPF emberyonated chicken eggs, then allantoic fluid was harvested. The virus was purified using sucrose-gradient. RNA was extracted and cDNA spanning the whole genome was synthesized using two GSP primers. PCR was run using 7 sets of primers covering the whole cDNA.The PCR products were all gel extracted and ligated to pJET1.2 vector by 3-1 ratios. Successful cloning of each insert was confirmed using restriction enzyme BglII that digests areas flanking the insert in pJET. After confirmation, the inserts were sequenced using Sanger sequencing with pJEt specific primers as well as primers designed to bind to middle regions of each fragment. Sequence of the whole 15186 bp genome was determined by assembling sequences using MEGA 5software. Location of each start (S) and ending (E) gene signals as well as all ORF start and termination codons were determined.

The dairy industry has a special place in the global food industry. The theme of byproducts is to reduce waste, create high added value and reduce the corresponding environmental effects as part of the components of the dairy supply chain. Because of the nutritional value and also the cost of producing these products, measures to reduce waste and provide more food are economical. Among the byproducts in the process of processing dairy products, whey is considered to be the most important and nutritious ingredient. The present paper tries to develop a model in the supply chain of dairy products and add the variable of the decision of byproducts to it, a step towards achieving these goals. By analyzing and analyzing the new model using data from the dairy industry in Kurdistan province, the profitability of this chain increases significantly after affecting the effect of whey production.

Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most serious illnesses of chickens. Live vaccines are widely used to prevent chicken from the disease all over the world. To access the effective and potentiate ND vaccine, a homogenous subpopulation from LaSota strain was selected following cultivation of the virus on primary chicken embryofibroblast (CEF) cells. Pathogenicity indices and molecular characterization of a several plaques at 3rd passage were analyzed and then the selected clone was candidate for vaccine development. ND vaccine was prepared according to the standard protocols. The immunogenicity of the live vaccine was examined in specific pathogen free (SPF) and commercial chickens. The geometric mean hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers induced in chickens vaccinated with the cloned vaccine were not significantly differ than those induced in chickens vaccinated with the similar ND clone vaccine. Efficacy of the ND vaccine was estimated against the virus challenge. The result indicates the ability of the cloned vaccine to confer a complete protection against NDV.

This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of cotton seed roasting (125°C for 15 and 30 minutes) on its gossypol content, chemical composition, in vitro CP digestibility, ruminal dry matter (DM) and crud protein (CP) degradability. Degradation kinetics of DM and CP were determined according to in situ procedure with three ruminally fistulated Taleshi bulls. Roasting cotton seed had no effect on chemical composition of feed samples (P>0.05; roasting at 125°C for 15 and 30 minute decreased free gossypol by 17.5 and 21.3%, respectively (P