sima maleki

Soybean is one of the most important grains with high proteins, good quality edible oils, appreciable amount of minerals and vitamins. Due to some disadvantages soybeans’ compounds affecting the flavor, odor and stability, different types and levels of processing are considered to make better products with healthy properties. Hypertension (high blood pressure) is one of the modern world diseases, which increases the risk of serious human health problems. There are several systems in humans’ body e.g. angiotensin converting enzyme regulator to blood pressure control. The aim of the present review is to report the effect of germination and fermentation on the concentration of bioactive compounds with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory properties.Results and

Many scientific research has demonstrated that germination (sprouting, also known as malting) and fermentation are two effective and inexpensive technologies improving soybean quality. During these two processes, anti-nutritional and bioactive compounds affecting human health e.g. anti-hypertension components have been removed and released, respectively. Furthermore, studies have shown effect of soybean isolated compounds to inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme. Therefore, soybean germination and fermentation could affect the concentration of bioactive compounds with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory properties.Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Introduction Reduplication, a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word (or part of it) is repeated (Inkelas, 2006:417), is divided into two types: a) total reduplication and b) partial reduplication. This research attempts to explore total reduplication in Persian. The question is that to what extent reduplication can be used as a criterion to specify the literary style of an author. To this end, two masterpieces of contemporary Iranian literature were selected: Buf-e kur by Sadegh Hedayat and Savushun by Simin Danshvar. Reduplication type and their frequency were specified and compared in these two masterpieces.
Theoretical Background "Sabk" (style) is an Arabic word meaning smelting and forming of gold and silver, and in literature, it refers to the special use of language in poetry and prose (Iranzadeh, 2011:2). In fact, style is a way to reflect the author’s inner feelings, ideas, and thoughts (Parandoji, et al, 2014:36). Shamisa (1993) emphasizes the artistic value of repetition; He maintains that the sound of rain is relaxing and soft because of its alternate repetition, while irregular sound with no music is boring.
Leech (1981) believes that “style is a way to use language in a certain context by a certain person for a certain goal”. He introduces four criteria to specify the linguistic style of a literary work: lexical classification, syntactic classification, verbal array, cohesion, and context. Regarding all of them, he raises questions including: Are the words used by the author formal or informal? Has the author used special words? Are nouns concrete or abstract? What is the semantic function of adverbs? Which literary tools have been used by the author to transfer meaning to the audience? Is there a logical relationship between the elements of the work?
Elements involved in analyzing the style of literary works are: a) word choice, b) morphological and grammatical features, c) frequency, d) semantic features, e) repetition, f) verbal context, h)congruence of letters and other sound patterns, i)allusions and metaphors, j) mode of expression and special view and the way of applying language features, k) deviation from the norm, etc. (Iranzadeh, 2011:12-15).
Data analysisTotal reduplication is of two types: a) total proper reduplication and b) total improper reduplication (Shaghaghi, 2012:99). In total improper reduplication, the base is repeated completely. This process involves adverbs, nouns, adjectives, pseudo-sentences, onomatopoeic words, numbers, adverbial clauses, and sentences.
Reduplicating adverb has been used by both Danshvar and Hedayat. Both of them, especially Danshvar, have used total improper reduplication in their stories. Danshvar has extensively used reduplication of onomatopoeia in her novel (Savushun). Onomatopoeia words represent a natural relation between sound and meaning. They are tangible and perceptible and authors can express their feeling by using them (Vahidian Kamyar, 1996:10, 38). Being tangible and perceptible is one of the features of realistic novels including the realistic novel of Danshvar. She expressed and showed her feelings using onomatopoeia. Since Hedayat’s style and language is different from those of Danshvar, just one onomatopoeia word has been used in his work. Hedayat’s language in Buf-e kur is descriptive, he has used abstract concepts, and these features make his novel Surrealistic. Danshvar has more frequently used reduplication of adverbs and onomatopoeia than adjectives, nouns, pseudo-sentences, numbers, and adverbial phrases. In Hedayat’s novel, reduplication of adverbs has a high frequency while other categories are either rarely used or never used.
In total proper reduplication, in addition to the repetition of the base, there is a grammatical morpheme that occurs between the two bases or after the second base. In total reduplication with middle attachment, prepositions such as »be, ta, dar, tu, bar« (to, until, in, on), the enclitic /o/, the interfix /â/, and /vâ/ (and) are used (Shaghaghi, 2012:99-100). Total reduplication with middle attachment is diverse in Savushun and Buf-e kur. The preposition »be (to) « is the most commonly used, whereas others are rarely used. Samples of Buf-e kur such as "ruz be ruz" (day-by-day), "saat be saat" (hour-by-hour), and "daghigheh be daghigheh" (minute-by-minute) suggest that this pattern is mainly used in the cases in which the concept of time is involved. The narrator uses the notions of minute and hour for the continuation of his story. In fact, Hedayat's travel back and forth between the inside and the outside has resulted in the use of reduplicated adverbs of time, so that he can persuade his reader and help her/him to understand time by narrating the story minute-by minute.
In total reduplication with final attachment, suffixes including "ân, ak, aki, u, i, e" attach to the second base (Shaghaghi, 2000, 526-527). This type of reduplication is less frequently used compared with others. The most significant stylistic feature of Savushun is using reduplications such as: "holholaki" (with haste), rastrastaki (in truth), and so on. These kinds of adverbs are mostly used in informal and colloquial Persian.
In these two masterpieces, a total of 99 cases of reduplication were found; 71 cases in Savushun and 28 items in Buf-e kur. In Savushun, 42 items showed total improper reduplication and 29 items were total proper reduplication. In the latter pattern, 18 items were total reduplication with middle attachment and 11 items were total reduplication with final attachment. In Buf-e kur, 16 types of total improper reduplication and 12 types of proper reduplication were seen, out of which 9 had an interfix and 3 had final attachment. The analysis of data shows that in both works the frequency of total improper reduplication was higher than total proper reduplication. In Savushun, the number of reduplicated words comprised 71% of the total, but in Buf-e kur, it is 28%. We can, therefore conclude that the author of Savushun has used this linguistic tool more frequently; so it is considered as a stylistic feature.
Conclusion In this research, the use and frequency of total reduplication were investigated in Savushun and Buf-e kur. The results show that total improper reduplication of adverbs in both novels has the highest frequency though Danshvar has used this linguistic tool more than Hedayat. Reduplication can, therefore, be regarded as a reliable criterion to specify the literary style of an author. The style of Danshvar’s writing is realistic, so her language is informal and colloquial without any complexity, while the style of Hedayat’s writing in Buf-e kur is surrealistic. This difference in these two novels, therefore, has a significant effect on the use of this linguistic tool.

Background and Furfural is a toxic chemical that is widely used in refinery and petrochemical industries. Wastewater containing furfural need appropriate treatments before being disposed to the environment in order to avoid the toxic effects of this compound on the environment and human. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of electrocoagulation process in removal of furfural.
This experimental study was conducted using a Plexiglas reactor with an approximate volume of 500 ml equipped with four Al and Fe electrodes (Anode-Cathode) in monopolar-parallel mode. The effects of operating parameters such as electrodes connection, type of electrodes, pH of solution, applied voltage, furfural initial concentration, and reaction time were evaluated by defined factor of 4×4 using Taguchi L16 orthogonal array in a batch mode. Concentration of furfural was determined using HPLC wavelength of 254 nm. Data analysis was performed in Minitab 16TM software.
Based on the results of the Taguchi method, the optimum conditions for furfural removal included the initial furfural concentration of 100 mg/L, pH= 7, voltage= 10 V, and reaction time= 30 min. The contribution rate of each parameter was determined through ANOVA test. Accordingly, the most and least influential factors were found to be the initial furfural concentration and pH, respectively. Furthermore, in optimum conditions, the furfural removal efficiency of this model was 94.7%.
As the findings of the present study indicated, electrocoagulation process is believed to be an effective method in furfural removal which could remove 95% of furfural in optimum laboratory conditions.

Repetition is a lingual phenomenon which in various languages and in different frames, has been studied. The whole or part of the base is repeated in this process. Hence, in Farsi language, repetition is classified by two parts, total and partial. When the base is repeated perfectly, it is called total reduplication and if some part of the base will be repeated, it is called partial reduplication (Shaghaghi, 2000: 525). Merely, in this research we consider the total reduplication.
Total reduplication is a process which is made by repetition of one base or adding one functional morpheme structure. This process is divided by two kinds of proper total reduplication and added perfect repetition (middle and final). Proper total reduplication, is just made by the base. Whereas, in the total reduplication, in addition two repetitive base and functional morpheme consider in structure which in two base or after the second base are placed,( Shaghaghi, 2012:99). Moravcsik (1978) applies this repetition as increase, decrease, plural and so on. Two main approaches are obvious in the Repetitive factor: To copy of phonemic and to repeat semantic and inflectional specifications. The first approach has been introduced by Marantz (1982) which is a basically phonemic approach, but the second approach has been considered by Inkelas and Zoll (2005) which is inflectional. By view of this suggestion, it is important and it is like semantics. The pattern by Inkelas and Zoll in Morphological Doubling consist of ‟the set of semantic specifications and some added meaning” (Inkelas & Zoll: 6-7) .In order to have semantic concordance, Inklas and Zoll (2005) anticipate the existence of allomorphs from one root which are identical by semantic (Inkelas & Zoll: 9-10).
Riger (1998) believes that in various languages, repetition mostly reflects such concepts like decrease, disorder, disdain, plural, intensity, childhood, affection, perfection and continuation and he presents these concepts by function of two factors of iconicity and semantic spreading.
Data Analysis: The total reduplication process is called a group of compound words which is made by adding functional morpheme or base repetition and it is divided to proper total reduplication and added perfect repetition (Shaghaghi, 2012:99). The proper total reduplication only is made by base repetition. It belongs to the different topics like noun, adjective, adverb, sound, sound noun, group and sentence and concepts such as, intensity, stress, increase, abundance, continuation, count lessness or gender. They are adding to the base and sometimes alter the meaning and topic. Some repetitive pattern will not express the new meaning, rather they must be adjusted each other in order to show the new meaning. Sometimes it is gathered in figurative meaning and sometimes they are in contrast. In onomatopoeias both part do not have meaning. But almost express the repetition concepts. In Onomatopoeias solely both part have no meaning, but almost one conveys the repetition concepts. In the total reduplication, in addition two based repetition functional morpheme has a role in structure where is seen between two bases or after the second base attention to functional morpheme place, this process could be divided by the middle and the end. But if the functional morpheme will be lied between two bases, we call it the middle perfect repetition which makes novel words by proposition and middle morpheme and based repetition. In this process, some of the repetitive words from the first to the end has figurative meaning. These repetitive words not only could have alteration in output of semantic change, rather functional morpheme, but also could find the different meaning in composition of consequence.
But, at the end, added perfect repetition, frequently element lies after the base and output leads to the derivational morpheme. This process is made by adding the suffix to the second base which completes the particular meaning to the repetitive word. Some of these words are special to the colloquial and maternal style.
At the recent research, the apparent analysis and repetitive semantic process were accomplished in Persian language. Whatever is gained from the recent research data shows that in this process, Persian language has great varieties. It means that, in this process, Persian language has excessive varieties because of several meanings and structures, and possessing various kinds. Generally, at the proper total reduplication, the category of repetitive words somehow is different from the base topic and some repetitive words could not convey the novel meaning. And also, in some words, the figurative meaning is inferred. Inkelas and Zoll maintain the morpheme which leads to the root and they are identical which could be seen in Persian, too. They are different from the phoneme, but in semantic, they have concordance, like, washout, building, at the proper total reduplication according to the base, meaning of continuation, excess, intensity, plurality, gradation, distribution, condition, disorder and worriment is remarked. In Onomatopoeias, both parts have no meaning, but suggest the repetition concepts in closeness.
By virtue of proposition and middle morpheme in perfect end repetition and repetition base, the new words are made, this pattern influences the multitude of nouns, adjectives and adverbs. The result meaning by the pattern could convey sequence, encounter, continuation, increase, interference, variety, rareness, connection, disorder, intensity, stress, condition, gradation, diminution, weakening, causing to love. The study of this process as a structure and semantic, reveals that the manner of combination in patterns causes some alteration in the process of meaning and surface.

Background and In oil and petrochemical industries, organic aromatic compounds such as furfural are produced on a large scale. They are degradable or act as a deterrent for biological systems. In order to generate sulfate radical (SO4), persulfate (S2O8 -2, PS) is often activated by heat, UV irradiation and intermediate metals like iron ions. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of activated S2O8 -2 by electrically produced iron using the iron electrode (modern process of electro/ persulfate) for furfural removal. In this study, a lab-scale batch reactor equipped to 4 electrodes and direct power source was used to remove furfural. The effects of key parameters such as pH, voltage, initial concentration of S2O8-2 and furfural on the process were studied. Furthermore, we investigated the changes in pH during the process and the effect of the optimized situation The findings showed that initial pH, S2O8 -2 initial concentration and voltage played an important role in furfural removal. Under acidic situations, an increase in the efficiency was seen, and by raising pH the amount of furfural removal decreased. We observed that 98% of furfural was removed in 60 min (pH=3, voltage=10 V, S2O8 -2 concentration=8.4 mM). When the concentration of furfural was raised, the efficiency declined. At pH=5, 7, 9 and 11 after 60 min, the efficiencies were 66, 53, 48 and 12, respectively. By increasing voltage to 10 V, the highest rate of efficiency was seen. By applying S2O8 -2 separately, after 60 min the efficiency was 39% while at these conditions, the efficiency of the electrochemical process was only 28%. By contrast, electro/persulfate could remove 98 of furfural. The use of S2O8 -2 ion in electrochemical reactors equipped to iron electrode can increase the efficiency of the process. Thus, the application of this novel process could be of great benefit for industrial wastewater plants operators.

Background and Taguchi method is a powerful design in experimental studies. This method, with the minimum number of test factors affecting the process, will save cost and time. This study was done using the Taguchi method to optimize the adsorption of fluoride from aqueous solutions by an adsorbent prepared from marble powder. Marble powder was supplied from Hamadan workshops stonemason and then grinded and sieved to the desired particle size using standard ASTM (mesh 40). Four parameters affecting the adsorption process (pH, contact time, temperature, and adsorbent dose) were considered in four levels. Residual fluoride concentration was measured by a spectrophotometer. Minitab V.16 (L-16 Orthogonal Array) was used to analyze the data. Taguchi model indicated that optimization conditions for fluoride adsorption by marble powder were adsorbent dose 0.7 mg/L, pH=2, temperature 25◦C, and contact time 5 min. ANOVA results showed that the most and least of influential parameters on adsorption process was associated with adsorbent dosage and solution pH, respectively. Taguchi statistical method as an efficient, effective, and without the need for a large number of experiments indicated that the marble powder as a new adsorbent, no cost, and without secondary pollutant has a high efficiency for fluoride removal from aqueous environments.