yahya ebrahimi

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by impaired regulation of blood sugar levels, which can lead to serious complications such as cardiovascular, renal, and neurological problems. The disease is on the rise due to unhealthy lifestyle habits, poor nutrition, and genetic factors. In this context, the use of medicinal plants and plant-based antioxidants has gained attention as a natural approach for managing and controlling diabetes. The aim of this review is to provide an ethnobotanical report on the medicinal plants and plant antioxidants used for diabetes management in the central and eastern regions of Iran. This review study employed a systematic search of articles using keywords such as medicinal plants, ethnobotany, Iran, hypertension, North Khorasan, South Khorasan, Kerman, Sistan, Fars, Yazd, Markazi, Zanjan, Sistan, and Isfahan. Databases including Google Scholar, SID, MagIran, PubMed, and Scopus were searched. Relevant ethnobotanical studies were selected for review. The review revealed a variety of medicinal plants commonly used in the central and eastern regions of Iran for diabetes management. These include dill, chogha (a local herb), lettuce, mallow, olive, nettle, grape, wild onion, spand (a medicinal herb), brankasak, sepidar, kakanj, hawthorn, walnut, black cumin, date palm, wormwood, white mulberry, ziziphus, sumac, wild celery, and more. These plants possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which are beneficial in managing diabetes. The present study shows that several medicinal plants in central and eastern Iran, particularly those with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, can aid in management of diabetes. These plants serve as natural therapeutic options for controlling blood sugar levels and ameliorating diabetes-related complications. It is recommended that further clinical studies be conducted to evaluate the efficacy of these plants in diabetes treatment, so they can be incorporated into complementary diabetes care.

There is an increasing attention to using medicinal plants due to their beneficial effect on human health. The antioxidant properties of medicinal plants have prompted investigators to use them in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Hence, in this study we sought to evaluate antioxidant properties of Mentha longifolia, Pistacia khinjuk and Eucalyptus globulus. Aerial parts of these plants were dried and ground. Then, plant samples were prepared using homogenizing plant powders in methanol solution. Finally, the total antioxidant capacity of the plants was assessed by ferric iron reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The results showed that the total antioxidant capacity was found as 2.21, 0.78 and 7 mmol Fe2+ L-1 for P. khinjuk and E. globulus, respectively. Based on our findings, these plants showed a potent antioxidant activity. It is recommended that utilization of M. longifolia, P. khinjuk and E. globulus in food and pharmaceutical industries could possibly possess beneficial health effects.

Throughout history, humans have always been exposed to numerous pathogenic and non-pathogenic threatening factors and have used various methods and agents to treat and control them, one of these methods is the use of honey and bee stings. Honey is a natural sweetener produced by bees from the nectar of flowers with the secretions of living parts of plants. Nowadays, honey and bee stings are used to remedy a wide range of diseases include allergies, blood, digestive, heart, lung, skin, etc. Databases were searched to obtain articles including “Google Scholar”, “ISI”, “Scopus”, “PubMed”, and “Science Direct”. Keywords used in this study included honey, bees and human health in their titles. The recent findings have shown that there is a complex combination of fifty different substances in bee venom, including protein, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, copper, folic acid, glucose, fructose, histamine and amino acids. Allergic reactions are involved. In general, bees and their stings can play a role in the treatment of disorders.

Bee products, such as honey, are widely consumed as food and medicine. Because of its sticky nature, honey does absorb bacterial spores from dust or bee activity, and their contamination may carry serious health hazards. Databases searched to obtain articles included “Google Scholar”, “SID”, “Scopus”, “PubMed”, “Science Direct”, and “ISI”. Keywords used in this study included Clostridium botulinum, Honey, bees, fungi in their titles. This study focused on published articles from 2016 to 2022. Result showed that this product may contain a great variety of bacteria and particularly, fungi that eventually entered the food chain at an early stage (e.g., via pollen). The ranges of samples with C. botulinum, yeast and mould infections were 0.5% - 68%, 15.78% - 100% and 17.22 - 100%, respectively. Overall, the amount of honey contaminated with Cl. botulinum spores, yeast, and molds in some of the samples that were evaluated was nil, however certain samples from the Lithuanian Kazakh, Turkey, and Brazil regions exhibited varying levels of contamination.

Evidence from animal studies suggests that Zingiber officinale (ginger) may help prevent ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) in heart. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of ginger on inducing preconditioning on patients undergoing angioplasty. Thirty-four patients, referred for elective angioplasty, were randomly divided into the control (17 patients) and ginger groups (17 patients). Subjects in the experimental group were provided 250 mg ginger powder in Zintoma capsules per day for 10 days, whereas those in the control group received placebo. The patients underwent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) (One 45-second balloon inflation and 2 minutes reperfusion). Chest pain scores were assessed immediately after angioplasty and cardiac injury biomarkers were assessed 12 hours later. The average pain score during the balloon inflation in the ginger group was significantly lower than the control group (2.1±1 versus 3.8±1.5, P = 0.04). Troponin I was elevated in both groups after angioplasty, but there was not any significant difference between groups in this regard (P = 0.12 and 0.10, respectively). The use of ginger reduces chest pain during coronary angioplasty but its effect on the release of biochemical markers of myocardial damage is obscure.

The good faith and fair dealing jurisprudence in contracts has due influences not only in civil law but also in common law, particularly in United States: in Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), Restatement 2nd on contracts and it’s judicial precedent. Meanwhile the definitions and scope of good faith, the fields of adoption and enforcement of it in common law defers from case law. Despite of resistance and academic debates in these countries about acceptance and adoption of good faith as a general principle of contract law, it faced with open-armed manner of legal scholars and jurists. Development of this jurisprudence, determination of it’s instances, applicability and effects on contracts, has some adherences and adversaries, which of them discuss about it, with a different viewpoints and their own arguments. The purpose of this paper is to delineate legal and judicial status of the topic, legal reasoning of the opinions, acceptability and practical effects of it in case law.

The principle of good faith and fair dealing has wide spread effects and consequences on many legal systems of the world especially in civil law countries. This rule explicitly recognized in the main international legal instruments like Principles Of International Commercial Contracts (Unidroit), Principles Of European Contract Law (PECL) and in domestic law of some countries, including Germany, Italy, France and United States. The effects of this rule are such extensive and obligatory that in accordance with the above- mentioned international instruments which make the basis for regulation of the majority of international trade relations, and despite the freedom of contracts principle, parties cannot agree on its contradiction or even limit its application.