‎modernization

Barrington Moore is regarded as a distinguished scholar in the field of historical modernization within development studies. His research methodology follows a comparative-historical approach, emphasizing macro-structural analysis in the historical transition of human societies. By selecting a broad range of geographical regions and comparing empirical data with theoretical frameworks, he presents a comprehensive and generalizable model. This article critically examines Moore’s theory on the social origins of dictatorship and democracy. The findings indicate that Moore highlights the role of class interactions, economic systems, and the commercialization of agriculture in shaping political outcomes, particularly emphasizing the bourgeoisie’s significance in the democratic development process. Rather than identifying singular causal factors for modernization pathways, he asserts that each social structure follows its own distinct pattern. On one hand, he analyzes the behavior of groups and classes during civil wars and revolutions based on their perceptions of material and moral interests. On the other hand, he examines causal relationships between past structural trends and social transformation processes. At the same time, Moore primarily focuses on internal societal factors, particularly the nature of class relations.

From the beginning of the 19th century, Iranian statesmen, by taking European countries as models, began efforts to modernize the country, particularly in military fields. From the second half of this century, with the introduction of the concept of law into the Iranian legal literature, the need for the reconstruction of the legal system also emerged. The thinkers of this period believed that law was an indispensable tool for the country's progress and a fundamental step towards modernization. Mostashar al-Dawlah was one of the first thinkers who, by writing the treatise "One Word," attempted to introduce the concept of law to Iranian society. The discussion on the principles of criminal law constitutes an important part of this treatise. In light of these principles, the Mostashar al-Dawlah has attempted to incorporate the law within the framework of existing foundations. An analytical examination of the criminal law system outlined in the treatise "One Word" can clearly demonstrate, firstly, what the position of Mostashar al-Dawlah is regarding the existing foundations and sources of law, which ones he deems in need of transformation, and secondly, whether his desired legal system can be considered modern or not. To this end, this article will comparatively examine the modern legal system in Europe and the desired penal system of the Mostashar al-Dawlah at three levels: foundation, source, and objective, to demonstrate that the law proposed resembles the concept of law in modern legal systems only in form, not in substance.

Tabriz, as one of Iran’s historical cities, has many traditional neighborhoods whose native architecture and social spaces are well-aligned with the region’s culture and climate. However, in recent decades, rapid urbanization and increased new construction have led to challenges for some of these neighborhoods, including Ahrab neighborhood. Issues such as the destruction of historical fabric, inappropriate land-use changes, and reduced social interactions in public spaces are among the threats to these neighborhoods. Over time, these challenges have resulted in the loss of the neighborhood’s identity and a decline in residents’ quality of life. The use of the TND approach can serve as an effective solution for revitalizing and modernizing traditional neighborhoods like Ahrab. This approach, with a focus on public space design, preserving native architecture, and developing pedestrian-friendly pathways, creates the possibility of establishing sustainable and human-centered spaces. TND not only aids in the revitalization of traditional spaces but can also strengthen social relations and rebuild the cultural identity of historical neighborhoods in Tabriz. The importance of this issue lies in the fact that the Ahrab neighborhood, as part of Tabriz’s cultural and architectural heritage, serves as an example of local social interactions and native architecture. Preserving and revitalizing this neighborhood through the TND approach can enhance cultural identity, increase social interactions, and improve urban environmental quality. Additionally, this approach can serve as a model for other traditional neighborhoods in Tabriz and even in other Iranian cities, leveraging successful traditional patterns for sustainable urban development. Modernizing traditional neighborhoods while preserving native principles not only improves citizens’ quality of life but also prevents the destruction and loss of the historical and cultural identity of these neighborhoods.

In this research, the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) method was used to identify and analyze the hidden factors influencing the development of traditional neighborhoods with the TND approach. The goal of the research was to explore the relationships between variables and identify factors that contribute to the improvement and modernization of neighborhoods. The statistical population included the residents of the Ahrab neighborhood, with a population of 18,163 people, and the sample size was determined to be 377 individuals based on the Cochran formula. Data collection was done through standardized questionnaires and Likert scales, and stratified random sampling was used. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software, and a correlation matrix was used to identify latent patterns. Then, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied, with criteria such as Kaiser’s criterion and the Scree Plot, to determine the optimal number of factors. For a better interpretation of the factors, Varimax or Oblimin rotations were applied, and factors with factor loadings greater than 0.4 were selected and interpreted as main factors. The validity of the tools was confirmed through content and face validity, and reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The results of the analysis were presented in tables and charts that display factor loadings for each indicator. The identified factors were named based on the related indices, such as quality of life, cultural identity, and social security. This analysis helped the researcher identify effective patterns for neighborhood development and propose improvements for modernization. This method aids in designing optimal strategies for planning and developing traditional neighborhoods.

In the area of infrastructure quality, the factor preservation of cultural and historical identity with a factor loading of 0.76 and the factor improvement of infrastructure with a loading of 0.70 indicate that focusing on infrastructure development while preserving cultural elements can contribute to the sustainability of this neighborhood. Attention to these indices in modern designs creates an opportunity to strengthen the historical identity of Ahrab. In terms of satisfaction with services, the factors of sustainable development and environmental compatibility and flexibility in design, with factor loadings of 0.70 and 0.65, respectively, show that residents’ satisfaction is dependent on the use of environmentally friendly services and flexible spaces. These findings suggest that in the modernization process, providing efficient services and environmental sustainability should be prioritized. Regarding security, high factor loadings for the indices of development of public spaces (0.72) and pedestrianism and easy access (0.75) highlight the importance of designing safe and accessible public spaces. These features, combined with the TND approach, can increase security and reduce feelings of isolation among residents. For social interactions, the correlation coefficients of the indices of pedestrianism and easy access (0.78) and development of public spaces (0.73) suggest that access to public spaces can enhance social interactions. This indicates that in the modernization of Ahrab, attention to pedestrian pathways and public spaces helps enhance local participation and social interactions. In terms of residents’ welfare, the factors flexibility in design (0.70) and mixed land use (0.69) suggest that designing multifunctional and flexible spaces increases residents’ welfare and satisfaction. The combination of different land uses, such as residential, commercial, and recreational, provides easier access to services and reduces the need for long trips. Overall, the findings show that using the TND approach, with a focus on these five key factors, not only preserves the native identity of the Ahrab neighborhood but also provides the necessary grounds for modernization and improving the quality of life for its residents.

Ahrab’s traditional neighborhood in Tabriz, as one of the most valuable historical fabrics, requires specific planning for modernization while preserving its native identity. In this regard, the Traditional Neighborhood Development (TND) approach, emphasizing the reinforcement of local features, creating social spaces, and meeting the daily needs of residents, can play an effective role in improving the quality of life and ensuring the cultural and social sustainability of this neighborhood. Based on the statistical analysis conducted, key development factors include optimal infrastructure, sustainable services, security, social interactions, and residents’ welfare, which can serve as a solid foundation for sustainable development aligned with the modernization of Ahrab. Overall, the findings suggest that using the TND approach, with a focus on these five key factors, not only preserves the native identity of the Ahrab neighborhood but also provides the necessary grounds for modernization and improving the quality of life for its residents.

Since the late nineteenth century, Iranian intellectuals, as the intellectual leaders of political modernization, have sought to modernize Iranian society from tradition and, as thinkers, have played a historic role in political and social change. The aim of the present study is to discuss the intellectual and practical efforts of Iranian intellectuals at the beginning of the twentieth century and their shift from democratization to authoritarianism. So our main question in this study, why did the first Iranian intellectuals in the nineteenth century turned to political modernization with an intellectual shift from democracy? In answer to the main question, there is a hypothesis that Iranian intellectuals in the Qajar period were active groups that initially emphasized the formation of the rule of law and bureaucracy in Iranian society. After the defeat in the Constitutional Revolution, they became disillusioned with the democratic nature of modernization and turned to the formation of the first Absolute Pahlavi government with a historical shift in order to establish political modernization based on secularism and bureaucracy in Iran. In this study, according to the method of historical sociology, we want to discuss the mental shift of Iranian Intellectuals towards political modernization in the period from the end of the nineteenth century to the period of Reza Shah.

The purpose of this research is to analysis of the state of rural economy and its relationship with the development and modernization in Iran. The main proposition is that the rural economy declined and then collapsed during the second Pahlavi period, which was caused by development measures and plans, land reforms, modern exploitation systems, such as the creation of Agricultural units, agricultural joint-stock companies, production cooperatives have happened. Most of the studies on rural development in Iran have been carried out with the perspective of modernization, which shows the connection of this theory with development programs. Modernization and authoritarian development combined with industrialization and urbanization in Iran was formulated as the conceptual device of this research. The validity of the data with the quality of the sources and the method of data analysis in the form of historical sequence and the evolution of the programs have been taken into consideration. The results of the research showed that the development plans and measures under the modernization model, despite some positive consequences, gradually and with the growing trend of oil sales and its effects on Iran's economy, and with the transformation of the zamindari system, the change of rural governance, The dominance of the authoritarian planning system and the emergence of the commercial-industrial capitalist system have provided the grounds for the collapse of the rural economy. This process of rural-urban migration, reduction of agricultural production, departure of the active labor force from the villages, lack of investment in the agricultural and productive sector and dependence on the government, attention of the government to the construction sectors, Isolation of villages participation and the preference of macroeconomics over culture and the community has followed

This study aimed to design a comprehensive model of good governance based on open policy-making in Iran's agricultural industries.  This research was conducted qualitatively using an exploratory approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 17 experts, including agricultural managers, directors of agricultural cooperatives, and university faculty members. Participants were purposefully selected based on criteria such as a minimum of ten years of managerial experience or teaching in the agricultural sector. The collected data were analyzed using thematic analysis, involving coding and categorization of themes.  The findings identified five overarching themes of good governance in Iran's agricultural industries: accountability, transparency, rule of law, participation, and modernization. These themes included 22 organizing themes and several basic themes. Key components included accountability in resource management, transparency in laws and statistics, adherence to the rule of law in sustainable policymaking, active stakeholder participation, and modernization through the adoption of advanced technologies.  The results confirm that good governance in Iran's agricultural sector requires a focus on principles of transparency, accountability, and participation. The conceptual framework presented in this study offers policymakers and decision-makers practical insights to address existing challenges and promote sustainable development through improved governance structures and processes.

 "Tanbiyyah al-Uma wa Tanziyyah al-Mulleh" is a work written by Ayatollah Mohammad Hassan Naini Gharavi during the constitutional revolution. The main purpose of the book is to negate tyranny and present evidence of the correctness of the Shia-based constitutional government. From the many contents of the book, despite the scattered reference to civilization and modernity, the place and relationship of the two in criticizing and negating tyranny and affirming and emphasizing constitutionalism is not clear, hence, defining the two concepts of civilization and modernity and assessing their priority It is a problem that the present article seeks to decipher. In addition, Naini's explanations about civilization and modernity reveal new angles of his thinking. By reviewing the book, Ayatollah Naini's view on the reference to civilization or modernity has been analyzed. and examines the effect of these two in proving the legitimacy of the constitution. This reference to civilization or modernity stands out as a strong argument in proving the legitimacy of the constitutional government. The important finding of this study shows that there is a strong connection between civilization and modernity with knowledge. Also, any kind of failure and political-social failure returns to inaction and ignorance.

Lifestyle styles include a set of attitudes, behaviors, modes, and tastes in everything. The villages of Iran have been exposed to some of the technological achievements of the modern world, due to the relatively convenient communication facilities, in a period of their socio-cultural transformation, which brought about a fairly broad movement from their lifestyle to the new lifestyle of experience they do. This movement and change can be the result of many factors, the most important of which are the introduction of modern facilities, and in the first place, they have access to communication infrastructures. Golkhani Town is a rural settlement in Saberi District of Nimroz Township in Sistan and Baluchestan province. The village is located in the County of Qa'emabad and according to the 2016 census, its population (501 households) is 2, 064 people. In recent years, the villagers have changed their lifestyle of the villagers from communication facilities such as television, satellite, Internet, cars, home appliances, and many other modern-day blessings. These changes have brought about a transformation of economic, political, social, and cultural diversity in this rural settlement. Therefore, the present research, concerning financial capacity and human resources, attempts to explain the effects of modernity on changing the lifestyle of rural households in this rural settlement.

The present research is a descriptive-analytical method in terms of applied purpose. Two methods of library and field studies have been used to collect information. In the Field Studies section, according to the subject, the information needed to test the hypotheses through objective and subjective data, questionnaires, and observations were used. The statistical population of the study is all residents of Golkhani Town, which includes 2064 people. The sampling method is based on the Cochran formula and the number of samples is 324. Sampling was done by simple random method. To investigate the validity of the questionnaire, experts', experts', and experts' opinions were used and the questionnaire was approved. To obtain the reliability of the questionnaire, Cornbrash’s alpha has been used. The obtained alpha value was equal to 0.78, indicating that it had sufficient validity to examine questions and variables. The instrument of measurement in this research is a questionnaire (construction researcher). After collecting and categorizing data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data using SPSS software. Chi-square, regression fit, linear regression, path analysis, and Fisher's statistics were used to analyze the data.

Based on the findings; The age status of the respondents was grouped into five groups: less than 30 years, 30 to 40 years, 40 to 50 years, 50 to 60 years, and over 60 years. The age group above 60 years has the lowest frequency with 26 people and 8%. Also, the age group of 30 to 40 years has the highest frequency with the frequency of 95 people and 29%. The maximum frequency is related to the free occupational group with the frequency of 133 people and the frequency percentage is 41%, and the minimum occupational group is related to the administrative and service group with the frequency of 25 people and the frequency percentage is 8%. The results of the research show that modernization and modernity had the greatest impact on the motivation to progress with an average of 4.566 and the least impact on the fatalism index with an average of 3.188. Also, the influence of modernization and modernity on the index of the modern model is equal to 4.122, globalism index 3.604, family orientation index 3.277, political efficiency index 3.733, index of having modern human characteristics 4.334, sympathy and empathy index 223 4/4, equality and egalitarianism index was 4.276 and media consumption index was 4.356. The effects of modernization on the social lifestyle in the Village Town of Golkhani have been significant. These modernization effects on Golkhani Town caused behavioral changes, changes in people's eating patterns and tastes, more use of new technologies, changes in people's clothes and clothing, especially the young people of the village and educated people, and changes in the way of thinking and thinking. The villagers' attitude towards life has reduced the relations and interactions between the villagers, the reduction of ethnic and tribal prejudices, and even the hometown bias, the reduction of the participation of the villagers in cultural and religious ceremonies, the significant increase in the use of social networks and the change in the beliefs and opinions of the people. All of which shows the effects of modernization and modernity on the social lifestyle of the people of Golkhani Town.

Based on field findings and interviews with residents, various changes have been made in the study area; changes in the pattern of housing construction from rural to urban style, the changing of the language of elementary students from Persian to Scythian folk, change in clothing more than 30% of the village population Reducing the number of local indigenous games among young people, reducing the number of traffic jams and expelling family and clan elders, and turning people into several jobs simultaneously and abandoning agriculture. The results of the study showed that modernization has more effects on lifestyle in the cultural dimension and the findings of the research are consistent with the results of other researchers who believe that the impact of cultural factors on rural lifestyle is more than other components in the study area. In this way, societal, cultural, and economic factors can relate to relatively 45% of lifestyle changes in rural areas. Also, the amount of social and cultural changes in the life of the studied villages is much higher than the changes in the production sector, and with the increase of lifestyle changes, the quality of life has decreased.

Although the onset of modernization in Iran did not coincide with the introduction of the printing industry, this industry significantly accelerated the modernization of the military, literacy, and public health in Tabriz. In contrast, during the era of Fath-Ali Shah in Tehran and Isfahan, the narrative took a different turn, where the printing press was utilized to promote the Shia religion and its rituals.

This article delves into the critical perspective of the Japanese writer and intellectual, Natsume Sōseki, on the modernization of Japanese society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Focused on two key works, "The Civilization of Modern-day Japan" and the novel "Kokoro," this analysis aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of Sōseki's views. "The Civilization of Modern-day Japan" offers theoretical discussions on modernization without concrete examples, while "Kokoro" portrays the consequences of modernization on Japanese lives through objective and story-driven events. Together, these works present Sōseki's nuanced reflections on the interplay between modernity and tradition. Sōseki's overall pessimism towards modernity emerges as he contends that it has not alleviated but intensified human suffering. Additionally, he characterizes Japan's modernity as an imported, borrowed, non-indigenous, and unnatural phenomenon. This rapid infusion of foreign modernity has reshaped societal structures, leading to materialism, alienation, pessimism, isolation, mistrust, selfishness, despair, and guilt within Japanese society. Sōseki's dual examination of modernity in both theoretical and practical terms provides a comprehensive critique of the societal transformations during his era, encapsulating a profound skepticism towards the impacts of modernization on the human experience. In essence, Sōseki's works serve as insightful reflections on the challenges posed by modernity, highlighting its unsettling consequences on the fabric of Japanese society during a transformative period in history.

One of the main axes of the modern state-nation building policy in Iran during the Pahlavi era was the modernization of social identity based on the idea of homogenization. In this regard, the government initiated policies to define and establish a coordinated and uniform temporal order in state institutions and the public sphere of society, thereby monitoring the rhythm of government and societal activities. The modernizing Pahlavi state, by setting the official time to Tehran's horizon within the mechanisms of world time based on Greenwich Mean Time and synchronizing the time across all geographical regions of Iran with it, imposed its desired temporal order on the country's governmental, social, and economic institutions. This was achieved through the coordinating fu ctions of state institutions such as the telegraph office, municipality, and army, as well as administrative and legal measures. Consequently, it created a type of nationwide, coordinated, and uniform temporal identity for society.

Friendship and tolerance is one of the most important characteristics of education, especially religious education. Today's young generation (Generation Z and Generation α), who are inundated with deviant thoughts and doubts, especially through virtual space, need new and correct methods of belief and religious education more than ever. By looking at the lives of Imams (a.s.), we can find a similar situation to today's situation at the time of Imam Reza (a.s.) and try to find the right way of religious education by following his example. One thing that can be seen in the biography of Imam Reza (a.s.) is his very useful and efficient debates, which can be mentioned as a perfect example of correct religious education. In this research, we examined the friendship and tolerance index in his debates and tried to adapt his strategies to the existing conditions and present new solutions based on Razavi's life. The most important features of modernizing Imam Reza's religious debates according to the characteristics of the new generation are: freely expressing personal opinions and feelings and willingness to talk, respecting the opinions and rights of other people, being trusted and committed to moral principles

The expansion of Iran's relations with the West since the Naseri period made Iranian educated people more familiar with the society and new political and economic ideas common in the West, and newspapers were one of the modern means of information that could draw people's attention to the state of political backwardness and attract the economy of the country and familiarize the traditional society of Iran with modern ideas. Journals such as Soraya, Akhtar, Habalul Matin, Parvesh, etc. played an important role in the beginning of reforms and economic modernization during the Mozaffari period. Economy was one of the topics that the intellectual class and journalists of the Qajar period had a special view on. Some of the writers and editors of newspapers such as Kashani and Taher Tabrizi were from the tradesmen's class and were experts in economic matters, and they closely witnessed the backwardness of Iran and the progress and economic developments of Europe. Most of the newspaper readers in that period consisted of businessmen, statesmen and intellectuals, for this reason, newspaper writers believed that by writing economic articles, they could direct investments and cause the development and growth of science and industry. The Naseri era coincided with the era of industrial capitalism in Europe and America, while Iran's economic system was based on subsistence agriculture with a feudal lord system and a pastoral economy, and with the increase in Iran's foreign trade with Europe and the evolution of the global capitalist system, Iran inadvertently entered the economic cycle. Internationalization and integration in the globalized economy and the context of Russian and British domination over the Iranian market and taking control of the country's economic artery brought the country's natural economic growth out of balance. And merchants were the first to open the feet of commercial capital to agricultural products. Granting economic concessions and taking foreign loans and the government's inability to support industries and trade during Naseri and Mozaffari eras were other factors of the country's economic collapse. The existence of economic problems caused newspapers to pay attention to the causes and roots of these problems and provide ways to overcome these problems. This article aims to examine the economic situation of Iran in the three fields of agriculture, trade and industry, relying on press sources and from the perspective of a number of Mozafari period newspapers, and answer these questions: The economic situation of the country from the perspective of the media of the era How was Mozaffari? The economic approach of newspapers of that period was influenced by which economic ideas? The hypothesis of this research is that some writers and managers of Navandish newspapers were experts in economic issues and were familiar with economic ideas due to their connection with Western civilization, especially the ideas that They emphasized on self-sufficiency and free trade and maintaining economic security. The research findings of the article show that the authors of these journals were familiar with Iran's economic issues, and while being aware of the political and economic developments in the world, they were also aware of the economic ideas of the West and European financial institutions. Iranian gentlemen and capitalists should be aware of it. With this point of view, while finding the root of the economic problems, the press also put forward reform and modern proposals in the newspapers to get out of it, which seems to be influenced by the economic ideas of the West. Background of the research: Many books and articles related to the Qajar period have been written by foreign and domestic authors, which also contain economic reports and researches. For example: Cities and Trade of Iran in the Qajar Period by Keith Abbott (2016), which contains commercial and financial reports in a period of time (1866-1847). The book "Peaceful influence until under protectorate" (1860-1919) by Wilhelm Leitin (1367. It has been researched in Mozafari period. Ganj Shaygan by Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh (1362) . The ideas of classical economists in the writings of elite journalists of the Qajar period from the Nasrid era to the constitution" by Ali Begdali (2013), "The role of the government and the people in the economy from the perspective of Akhtar newspaper" by Abdul Mahdi Rajaei (2010).

The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between modernism and change in  behaviour of girls. The research method is a descriptive-correlation type, which is carried out by a survey method. The statistical population of the research consists of all female students of Payam Noor University, Golestan province, with a number of 3,923. According to Cochran's formula, 241 has been randomly selected. The collecting information tool is researcher made questionnaires and the reliability of the questionnaire is found to be acceptable. Data analysis is done at two descriptive and inferential levels using SPSS and AMOS software. Findings show that the variable path of innovation and behaviour change is significant at the confidence level of 99% (b=0.58, p≤0.01). Based on this, it is concluded that with the growth of modernism components in the society, there is an increase of behavioural changes of female students at the society level.

The study of consanguineous marriage  in Iran is of particular importance as one of the prevalent marriage patterns in Iranian society. Therefore, this research tries to identify the factors affecting this marriage pattern. For this purpose, the data from the "Marriage Survey" of the National Organisation for Civil Registration (2017-2018), which includes 9485 individuals who referred to the laboratories in the provincial centers (except Tehran), were examined. The findings showed that 29% of respondents had consanguineous marriages , indicating a decreasing trend in this type of marriage compared to previous studies. The results of the logistic regression analysis for men revealed that the odds of consanguineous marriage decreases with increasing age, education, and mother's education, as well as non-arranged marriage and belonging to the Gilak ethnicity (comparing to Fars ethincity). For women, the odds of consanguineous marriage decreases with increasing age, montely income, and mother's education, as well as non-arranged marriage and belonging to Gilak ethincity but,,increases with higher father's education. In conclusion, consistent with the findings of previous researches, while consanguineous marriage in Iran  alines with the predictions of modernization theory, it is still influenced by ethinic values and norms.

After centuries of Europe passing through the Renaissance and having a great situation and a golden age in all kinds of changes and modernization, Ottoman, who was located in the neighborhood of Europe and had many relations with it, hoped that the changes would also be done in his country, but this was done with It was accompanied by difficulties and its different culture and ideological government prevented major changes. In the Ottoman Empire, modernism was ignited with the Tulip era and entered a new phase with the settings of Sultan Abd al-Majid I. With a lot of ups and downs, the process of reform fell under the hands of the movement of young Turks and students who returned from Farang and gained momentum. The questions that are raised that where did modernism in Ottoman influence? And by which powerful movement was it achieved? We will delve into the answers to the main questions. We answer and follow these questions with assumptions indicating the influence from Europe and the "Young Turks Movement" brought about the process of modernization in Ottoman. The establishment of the parliament, the extinction of the sultans, and the cultural, social, educational, industrial, military, political changes, etc. can be considered as the consequences of this modernization.

The path of modernization and growth of industrial technologies passes through the historical developments of countries, and in this sense, industrial growth is a complex process in which many factors play a role in its realization. Based on the historical experiences of societies, various theories have been presented regarding industrial development and growth that may emphasize aspects of this phenomenon. This research is based on the research project of Boras and Landvall, comparing the government functions and the historical experience of Iran, regarding the creation of the ball casting and metal melting industry and industrial modernization at the beginning of the 19th century with similar experiences of Cannon, Gun and Butter in two historical periods in England and Denmark and then examines the technology policy of these countries in the form of innovation system theories.
The main question is that despite the factors of the innovation system in Iran's industrial modernization experience at the beginning of the 19th century and government measures in this regard, why did the industrial modernization program of Iran not succeed?
This research is historical comparative in terms of development goal and in terms of institutional method, and its data was collected by library method.
The results show that the lack of institutional evolution and the formation of a systematic interactive relationship between the elements of innovation caused Iran's industrial modernization program and technology policy did not succeed.

The expansion and completion of the wireless and wireline telegraph network infrastructure is among the crucial measures of the Pahlavi government in the course of establishing a modern and developed society. In addition, as an important and high-speed communication tool, the telegraph was a significant factor for strengthening the body of military authority of the Pahlavi government, which has great impacts on the political, social and historical transformation of Iran specially in that period of restless caused by the initiation of the second world wars. since the international issues were changing rapidly and Iran, in a special geographical position, was attracting the attention of powerful governments in order to protect their interests in the Middle East. In terms of this point of view, paying attention to this crucial element was very important in the continuation of the political rule of the first Pahlavi government so neglecting this matter, was not possible.Based on library sources, descriptive-analytical and cliometric method, the current research is seeking to answer these questions: what were the effects of telegraph network development during the Pahlavi regime? And the budget allocated to this ministry was in line with the development of military power or not? The findings indicate that Reza Shah's efforts to modernize Iran led to the development of the telegraph network as a very practical facility, which was not only as a result of expanding the lines caused by international political conditions, but also a factor for Iran's reformation and revolution in the middle of that time. This network was considered as one of the main components of the expansion of military rule in the country, however, its budget did not grow significantly during Reza Shah's sovereignty. But the budget of the ministry did not grow significantly. The significance of the present research is that it can provide valuable information based on the published statistics related to the dedicated budget to this ministry in the first Pahlavi era and clarify the ambiguous political and social aspects of the society.

Modernization in Iran has grown rapidly in recent decades and the Iranian society has been renewed by various standards, and Tehran is considered a symbol of this modernization in various aspects. But, are the people of Tehran - as the most modern city in Iran - considered culturally modern (western) or are they still adhering to traditions? While the early theories considered modernization to be associated and possible with all-round cultural changes and the formation of modern values instead of traditional values, on the other hand, some newer theories believe in the foundation of traditions for modernization. In this category are those who consider modernization as the cause of activation of localism. The third group of theories believe in the fusion of cultures in the face of modernization. The theories in question often assume a unified destiny for societies and cultures undergoing modernization; However, this research believes that all three aforementioned reactions to modernization can be observed within the same society. The data analysis of the research - which was carried out by the survey method - also showed that all three trends mentioned above (modern, hybrid and local-traditional) can be seen in different degrees in Tehran.