compromise programming

Based on the successful experience of tourism development, the activities of scholars and the use of new technologies resulting from innovations in the field of tourism had an increasing impact on attracting international tourists. There are several factors that influence the implementation of the innovation process, which leads to better management of the innovation and planning process. Therefore, in the present study, the innovation index of tourism sector at national and regional levels has been designed and measured. Also, the situation of this index in the country has been compared with Khorasan Razavi province as a province with tourism function. In this study, the Global Innovation Index (GII) was used to design and measure the tourism innovation index. They also examined the relationships between them by calculating the correlation coefficients between the internal and external dimensions of the innovation index. Data collection was done by completing a questionnaire from experts and field survey method. The statistical population of this study includes professors and researchers in the field of tourism, experts of knowledge-based companies active in the field of tourism and tourism experts in the public and private sectors, and the statistical sample size is 70 people. The results showed that the inputs of the innovation index such as skills and higher education, infrastructure, trade and market, human resources, innovation communication and knowledge absorption, have a good position to create innovation and technology in the tourism sector at national and provincial levels. This category is related to limited international relations, quality and efficiency of laws, the situation of corruption and rent-seeking, organizational and administrative processes, as well as the weakness in creating cohesion of the innovation process in the form of clusters such as creative and innovative goods production centers. Also, the calculation of the correlation coefficient between the internal and external dimensions of the innovation index showed that higher education, information and communication technology, business environment, investment and credit, research and development, manpower and communication related to innovation have a greater impact on different dimensions of the index. They are the output of innovation. In general, the country has a better status and ranking in terms of innovation in the tourism sector compared to the province.

One of the key issues for investors is the issue of creating an optimal stock portfolio. In the issue of choosing an portfolio, the decision maker faces different and sometimes conflicting goals such as rate of return, liquidity, dividend, and risk. In portfolio optimization, the main issue is the optimal choice of assets and securities that can be made with a certain amount of capital, but on the one hand, the uncertainties associated with each share, and, on the other hand, the multiplicity of the optimal portfolio selection model, on the complexity of the problem increases. In this paper, the portfolio optimization under uncertainty has been studied. A randomized approach to converting uncertainty into a state of definiteness and agreeing to plan for a single objective is used in combination. Information about 20 pharmaceutical companies from the Tehran Stock Exchange has been used and the validity of the model has been investigated. The results show that the stock portfolio offered has a high performance.

Groundwater resources are strategic resources and as Iran is facing a lack of water sources for exploitation, the importance of protecting groundwater resources -which are more immune to drought and pollution compared to surface water resources- has doubled. In the current situation, where most of the aquifers of the country are facing a dramatic drop of water levels, it needs especial consideration. Protection of water resources is an important step in the point of view of sustainable development. However, sustainable development is not possible without high participation of people and stakeholders. Thus, the aim of the present study is the multifactor analysis of the methods of improving the general awareness of the stakeholders for their active presence in the process of implementation of effective groundwater management methods in Kerman-Baghein region. The criteria are chosen from the sustainable development literature and the options are prioritized with multi-criteria decision making in compromise programing. The criteria were: increasing the role of the private sector to invest on advertising, educational programs, level of water saving, entrepreneurship , matching the education method with traditions and the public opinion on protection of water resources, period of implementation of the strategy, improving the role of women in water resource protection process, and flexibility. Using the criteria, among the 10 options of the study, investment on films and animations focused on the subject of water resources and the importance of the environment, creation of a target group of important and influential locals, and finally empowering the NGOs activities , were the preferred options of the study.

In traditional portfolio selection model coefficients often are certain and deterministic, but in real world these coefficients are probabilistic. So decision maker cannot estimate them exactly. Financial optimization is one of the most attractive areas in decision under uncertainty. In the portfolio selection problem the Decision Maker considers simultaneously conflicting objectives such as rate of return, liquidity, Dividend and risk. Multi-objective programming techniques such as goal programming and compromise programming are used to choose the portfolio best satisfying the Decision Maker’s aspirations and preferences; additionally Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM)Techniques for dealing with portfolio selection have been used. In this article, we assume that the parameters associated with the objectives are random and normally distributed. We propose a chance constrained compromise programming model is based on compromise programming and chance constrained programming models as a deterministic transformation to multi-objective stochastic programming portfolio model. To determine the share of industry investment planning MCDM were used. The result of the planning model for portfolio selection in Tehran Stock Exchange is shown.

One of the strategies which are considered in recycling materials is origin separation of waste by households، that basis of these projects is households'' cooperation. The objective of this study is evaluation of different urban regions about origin separation of the waste by households and ranking them in Mashhad. The statistics and information required obtained by completing questionnaire from 603 families in Mashhad city in 2009. The results from ranking of regions by using several criterion programming and the compromise programming technique indicate that in terms of participation rate، the regions with average development are placed at the first rank، deprived regions are placed at the second rank، developed regions at third-ranking. At the end، with respect to the results achieved، the executive solutions about increasing the participation of households were presented.

Now days one of the main strategies and policies of firms is purchasing parts from external suppliers. For decision making about selecting suppliers, are considered the different criteria. But because of changes of management levels and external suppliers strategies, could not determine input data precisely. Hence, considering supplier selection problem with regard to the uncertain criteria is necessary. In this paper, a combinatorial model from the well-known method of Compromise Programming (CP) and Interval Programming will be proposed that is called Interval Compromise Programming (ICP). The model can be used for optimizing multi-objective interval problems. For illustrating the proposed model, will be presented a supplier selection problem by considering the objectives of minimizing rejects and purchase cost and maximizing quality of purchased products, where are considered the input parameters as interval numbers. The obtained results compared to the ideal value of each objective can present a representation from situation of optimistic and pessimistic of the problem under uncertainty.

After introducing Markowitz mean-variance model, decision makers (DMs) and financial planners paid much attention to the matter of portfolio selection, so that DMs explain purposes and investment requirements in the frame of multi-objective mathematic models which are more consistent with decision making realities in optimal portfolio selection. At now there are various methods introduced to optimize such problems. One of the optimization methods is the Compromise Programming (CP) method. In this paper, considering increasing importance of investment in financial portfolios, we propose a new method, called Nadir Compromising Programming (NCP) by expanding a CP-based method for optimization of multi-objective portfolio selection problem. In order to examine NCP performance and operational capability, we implemented a case study by selecting a portfolio with 35 stock indices of Iran stock market. Results of comparing the CP method and proposed method under the same conditions indicate that NCP method results are more consistent with DM purposes.