constructivist method

Problem-based learning is an active educational method based on constructivism. Constructivism is rooted in the scientific and educational ideas of scientists such as Piaget, Bruner and John Dewey, and emphasizes the active role of the learner in understanding and building knowledge and science. Problem solving is the most authentic learning activity that students can do. In problem-based learning, the learner finds an active role in the construction of knowledge through the development of metacognitive learning strategies, working in small groups and solving real problems. The history lesson has little attraction for teaching due to the emphasis on reservations, excessive use of the lecture method, structural problems and sometimes the content of the history textbook. Learners often mention that historical subjects are boring. Therefore, the history teacher should look for a suitable method for teaching. Problem-oriented learning is one of the methods that, in addition to making students interested in history, is effective in developing students' understanding and historical literacy. The main question of this research is how problem-based learning can be used in history education. In response to this question and by using the descriptive and analytical method and referring to the practical experience of the authors, the conclusion was reached that in teaching history by problem-oriented method, educational subjects are integrated in the heart of the main problem, and problem-based teaching can be done in a practical way. have various forms. The project-oriented method is one of these methods that has been examined as a practical example.

The phenomenon of riba is strictly forbidden in Islam. In the past, there was not much difference of opinion in the conceptual conception of riba. But the developments of the new era, have forced a group to reconsider the conceptual scope riba with the same common jurisprudential methods. Linguistic studies, on the other hand, are a new look at sacred texts and religious sources that can be accompanied by new achievements. This paper examines, the principled view in two ways: structural and functional linguistics. The present article examines the scope of riba in Quranic verses in two ways, in addition to the usual method, using descriptive methods and content analysis using library resources. It is not the authority of the preacher and the incompleteness of the precepts of wisdom, but the addressees of the verses of the sanctity of riba that are only for the believers and the rich, and cannot be generalized to the whole of society by refining manat. "Riba" can be replaced "soht" and... Therefore, it is haraam in Islam to take the example of haraam eating, bribery, and mischief, and to receive it by force. Also, according to the sectarian method, "Riba" is known in the context of that society and the verses consider the avoidance of riba as the result of a cognitive reaction.