program development

This study aimed to develop a Response-to-Intervention (RtI) program in order to enhance spelling skill and to examine its effectiveness for third-grade students with spelling problems. The study was conducted in two stages including program development and utilizing evaluation a single-system design (AB). The study population consisted of third-grade students from the city of Karaj in the school year of 2015-216. Twenty students were selected as the sample using targeted sampling method. These students were incorporated in a three-tiered intervention based on response-to-intervention model (first tier included groups of five in nine 30-minute sessions, second tier consisting of groups of three in nine 45-minute sessions and the third tier including 12 individual one-hour sessions) and were trained for the developed program which was tailored for response-to-intervention model using direct instruction method. Measuring tools were the spelling test of Rezaei & Karimi (2013). According to the results of ICC, the developed program’s validity is 0.36, which is a good validity for implementation considering that P

The spatial distribution of population is directly related to the favorable geographical conditions and levels of development. Distribution pattern of population in the country is the major factors that policy makers for population control and direct the movements of population are considering. Therefor the spatial distribution of population according to the rapid social changes in developing countries is an important issue. This article is intended on the base of a theoretical model, with focusing on the first to fifth development plans, study the population redistribution policies in the post- Revolutionary period in brief. In development plans, prevention of rural-urban migration was pivot policies of population planning policies. The country census statistics show that after the revolution, rural population ratio has gradually decreased. Policies for rural development and prevention of migration to the city in the long-term development plans adopted due to lack of attention to the indirect influences, has led to inappropriate distribution of population. To prevent this outcome, it is better to adopt a hybrid approach in planning and implementation of programs. Any cross sectional action and decision in practice, is not followed much success and distrust of the people will follow. The performance of the governments, shows that the preparation and approval of regulations and guidelines for implement development programs is not provided timely and complete. This delay with inconsistencies between institutions and the lack of sufficient financial resources are the most important barriers to population planning programs in the country.