task-oriented approach

The auditors' performance evaluation process includes evaluating and conveying feedback to the auditors. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the performance of independent auditors based on the data theory of the foundation. The present research method is fundamental in terms of its purpose and exploratory and survey in terms of its nature. In the current research, using a qualitative approach and with the help Grounded theory and using in-depth interviews, 31 managers and audit partners were interviewed in 1401 in order to understand their subjective meanings of the approach of evaluating the performance of independent auditors in the audit process. The data was analyzed using the open coding method in the Grounded theory, and with the help of the paradigmatic approach, categories emerged and were presented in its format. Finally, using the Delphi method, a researcher-made questionnaire containing 17 questions from the interviews was prepared and approved. The model obtained by professional experts, completion and the obtained results show the efficiency and effectiveness of the said model. SPS version 25 software was used for data analysis. The results of the show that the goal-oriented approach is effective in evaluating the performance of the personnel of the institutions according to the statistical findings. Given the limited scope of previous research and the lack of comprehensive research in Iran, the designed model, which is multifaceted, provides a broad view of evaluating the performance of independent auditors based on a goal-oriented approach, which can be used in audit quality improvement programs.

The present study was conducted with the aim of developing a framework for gamification of religious education with a task-oriented approach. The research method is qualitative based on the systematic approach (Strauss-Corbin). Research data were collected through semi-structured interviews with academic experts and curriculum managers. The researcher understood theoretical saturation in the 11th interview. After analyzing the data in three stages of open, central and selective coding, the paradigm model of the research was presented. In this model, the causal factors are: the ineffectiveness of traditional education, neglecting religion, government requirements, improving the effectiveness of education, neglecting individual differences. Background factors include: updating of education, increasing tendency towards computer games, requirements of education and training, willingness of teachers to use new methods, existence of similar patterns. the central phenomenon; Enhancing religious education with a task-oriented approach and the strategies in this field include: the use of religious sources in storytelling, the use of Islamic art and religious symbols in design, determining financial resources, determining the content of religious education, consulting with experts, training teachers, and modifying the attitude of families. Intervening factors include: high cost, complex coordination, weak infrastructure, lack of transparency in the approach and finally; The consequences are: moral entertainment, duty-oriented, religious and practical monotheism, purity of intention, religious awareness and knowledge, self-improvement, strengthening independence, strengthening motivation, responsible interaction with society. It is worth mentioning that the validity and reliability of the research findings were confirmed by referring to the opinions of experts and the calculation of relevant indicators. The results of this research, while emphasizing the need to use new educational methods regarding the religious education of students, introduces the game-based strategy in this field, and by emphasizing causal and contextual factors, the necessary strategies to achieve a comprehensive framework to achieve It introduces the gamification of religious education with a task-oriented approach, which can be expected to achieve this goal according to these strategies and also considering the intervening factors.

The principles of the School of Natural Rights during the Age of Enlightment, i.e., the 17th and 18th centuries, regarding the individuality of human beings, their freedom and self-determination, as well as the human rights recommendations and documentations are designed and drafted by the international organizations during the current century and the appearance of “Global-ization”, the cultural seeds have been planted in different human societies.  Consequently, we have seen (nowadays) that relying on concepts of freedom, intellectualism, natural rights, self-determination, independency, and tendency towards consumerisms; some people have relieved themselves from observing the religious, traditional, and customary values, and have displayed un-conventional styles of life, which is different from the normal and conventional lives of other peo-ple in the society.   Using the merits of technology and the appearance of the concept of “Globali-zation”, this culture is being increasingly widespread throughout the world using the platforms, such as the internet, satellites TV,  and consumptive goods.  
However, this Study is not designed to find the roots of the “divergence” or providing approaches to fight against this global phenomenon.  In fact, following the appearance of divergence in the Is-lamic society, this Study is aimed at the identification of Islamic legal system approach(es) and dis-covery of its capacities in order to create a kind of balance in the society and establish social order and justice.
Generally, three different approaches may be provided regarding this phenomenon. The approach based on the obligation that all unconventional behaviors and or lifestyles are rejected and on the strength of the jurisprudential principles and rules, and even some verses of the Holy Quran, such behavior or lifestyles are criminalized.  The right-oriented approach accepts the divergence, with some minor exceptions and not only proposes any limitations for it, but also makes no objections against its scope.  The final moderate approach is right-task-oriented, and while believing in the freedom of individuals in their lives, criminalizes some of these specific behaviors and lifestyles.  
In order to explain and identify the approach of Islamic legal system towards this new social phe-nomenon, the descriptive-analytical and comparative method is used and for the collection of data, the Quranic verses, and Hadith, as well as works authored by Islamic Jurisprudents and western scholars have been utilized.  
Critical review of literature:Task-oriented Approach:This approach is based on the “originality of the society”. Verses and jurisprudential rules underlying this approach are aimed at the protection of the society.   Originality of the society means that all the behaviors and lifestyles of the individuals are required to be in the framework of tenets, beliefs, and values of the society, and the individuals are required to observe the social val-ue system and any types of theoretical or practical divergence which are in contradiction of the in-dependent identity of the society and the public conscience.  
Right-oriented Approach:Contrary to the Task-oriented legal system, which emphasizes the originality of the society and the limitation of the scope of divergence and is established on the “expediency” doctrine, “the Right-oriented legal system” not only believes in the “centrality of the individual”, but also believes in the rights of individuals regarding how to live, how to exist and be free in their behavior and thinking.  In this way, there are some jurisprudential and legal rules which form the basis for the school of “centrality of individual.”  Some Moslem scholars also believe that not only the centrality is at-tributed to the individual, but also no independent and separate existence may be considered for the society.  They believe that the society is a dependent phenomenon and lacks any independent iden-tity.  Such scholars think the number of personal beliefs and feelings amounts to the number of people in the society.  Among the works of early Islamic philosophers, differences in the souls of human beings may be traced, showing that they recognized differences in the ethics and behaviors of the human beings, which result from the differences in the nature of their souls.   
Combined Approach (Right-Task Oriented):Besides these two basic ideologies, there is another ideology in the Islamic World, which thinks of originality not merely for the individual or the society, but for both of them.  The legal school based on this ideology, propagates a moderate lifestyle, relying on the expediency for the individu-al and for the society.  This belief not only balances the former two approaches, but also believes that the Islamic legal system fundamentally rejects going to the two extremes, because any behavior which is far from balance and moderation, is considered as detachment from pure nature. God has created human beings and their souls to be moderate and to live based on moderation.   

All the three approaches regarding the scope of intervention of the criminal law in con-fronting the phenomenon of divergence, lack consensus.  The Task-oriented doctrine, which inter-prets the loss principle based on the concept of “expediency”, criminalizes all the behaviors which are in contradiction with the values and beliefs of the society.  This approach is aimed at homoge-nization of the thoughts and behaviors, which is inaccessible and will inevitably result in the infla-tion of criminal law and the maximum intervention of the state in the freedom and privacy of the people, as it is traceable in the Iranian legal system.  In such a legal system, the punishment is aimed at the public interests and prevention of crimes.  Consequently, we witness the increase of preventive crimes and victimless crimes.  The criminal policy of such a system shall be based on the security, curbing, and intimidation, which may not be implemented in today’st open and variant world.
The right-oriented legal system, is a system separate from morality, because only the behavior, which threatens or violates the right of other(s) will be criminalized and where the behavior violates the ethics and brings about no harms to others, shall not be considered as a crime.  In this system, the state may not intervene in the freedom or privacy of individuals with the justification of expe-diency or the observance of ethics and limit their freedom based on the patrimonial reasons and the rules of morality.  In other words, in such a system, the state is designed to be based on the princi-ples of minimalism and minimum intervention.  Although this legal system, based on the principle of tolerance, and taking the criminal policies based on the tolerance, is in line with today’s plural society, and tolerates individuals with all types of clothing, tendencie,s and lifestyles, is somehow approving the human rights and the freedom of thoughts and expressions, and although the princi-ple of tolerance is considered in Islam as an ethical value, this principle may create a justification for some people to promote anarchistic and pure permissiveness.  Moreover, recognizing the prin-ciple of “tolerance” in this legal school may be considered as the approval of the divergence and denial of “homogenous lifestyle”.  This level of tolerance is not a good characteristic in the way defined in the Holy Quran and is not considered as an ethical value.  Actually, it is one of the liber-alist principles, which may not be contested, and any thought or act, which attempts to limit the scope of tolerance and permissiveness must be limited.  Consequently, the tolerance which is one of the principles of this school is in line with the religion of Islam, if it agrees with the ethical prin-ciples. Otherwise, it will be turned into a theory of trait.   
But in the combined legal system, which is based on the “legal expediency”, the criticizing and public contempt of a behavior may not be considered as a good reason for calling it an unethical behavior.   On the other hand, the gladiator-like behaviors, which are aimed at the entertainment or enjoyment of the individual or people who do it, are not acceptable.   
If the legal system is merely task-oriented, some type of ethical populism is formed and a unique lifestyle is inflicted upon the society.  If the legal system is merely right-oriented, then the permis-siveness and unstrained tendencies are promoted.  Consequently, in the combined or moderate sys-tem, taking into account the expediency of the society and the rights of individuals and with the designing of a “moderate state”, any  the type of behavior which is rationally and naturally consid-ered as unethical, and each behavior which is prohibited in the religion, such as divergence, shall be forbidden.  However, other representations of the divergence which appear in the form of clothing, make-up, viewpoints, etc., are not considered as unethical and if no religious rule have been issued to prohibit them, they will be authorized.   In fact, this approach is a type of liberalism combined with the governing perfectionism. The aforementioned approach follows some of the principles of liberalism, such as freedom, self-determination, and independency and at the same time supports the behaviors, which promotes the human being to the rank of “divine closeness”.  

Funding
In the present study, did not have any sponsors
Authors’ contributions
All authors contributed in designing, running, and writing all parts of the research.
Conflicts of interest
This article does not conflict with other articles of my.
 Acknowledgments
In this article, all rights relating to references are cited and resources are carefully listed.

This study carried out for observing the effect of 8-week exercise program runs during the school PE class based on task-oriented approach to develop the skills of locomotors and manipulation of 30 girls and boys between 7 to 9 years old with DCD in city of Tehran. This semi-experimental study was conducted through pretest-posttest design and two groups of school-based intervention (n=15) and ordinary training (n=15) during PE class. Data were collected with developmental coordination disorder diagnostic questionnaire (DCDQ’7) and test of gross motor development-2 (Ulrich, 2000). the Data were analyzed by independent and paired t-test, along with repeated measures analysis of variance. The results showed that an ordinary training in PE class would lead to significant improvement only in manipulative skills (P<0.05). but the performance score of task-oriented training group improved significantly both locomotors (except hop) and manipulation skills (P<0.01). The results of this study showed that intervention by specialized training and skills-based approach according to ecological perspectives will take precedence to the general training and emphasis on the overall ability. Therefore, it is recommended that task-based design should be considered by coaches and PE teachers for training schedule of DCD children.

The main purpose of this research is to explain the elements and characteristics of religious education curriculum based on the task-oriented approach. To achieve this purpose, Frankena`s Model for analyzing a normative philosophy; deductive method was used. Based on the results, the task-oriented the ultimate goal of religious education and then ten target interface for religious education were deducted from religious texts and Islamic education. The target interface containing: ten target interface consists monotheistic devotion, guidance, thinking, reasoning, knowledge and wisdom, justice, ability to work, liberty. Then characteristics of teaching and learning process related to this purpose were deducted from authentic Islamic and ed-ucation texts. These characteristics include intrinsic motivation for teaching and learning, senses breeding, breeding will, attention to individual differences, providing a model to identify and explain practical for religious education. Also in the religious education cur-riculum evaluation based on deontological approach was recommended that the identity of training be taken seriously. Because of the differences of the students abilities use dif-ferent methods for evaluation. The use of task-oriented approach in religious education can be followed results such as the possibility of free and informed choice on the person and freedom from coercion, Environmental determinism, pay attention to individual dif-ferences and The method of assessment from the inside out.