problem solving

Teaching methods are effective in both students' academic progress and in creating motivation and satisfaction, developing their personality and growing their creativity. On the other hand, a teacher's mastery of educational methods and techniques is considered one of the criteria for teacher competence. The purpose of this research is to introduce and examine the most important methods of teaching social sciences.

The research method is descriptive and library. The types of teaching methods are divided into two categories: traditional and modern. However, for teaching social sciences, the methods used are student-teacher, narration, question and answer, practice and repetition, conference, role-playing, problem solving, discussion, workshop method, brainstorming, scientific demonstration, inquirybased teaching, scientific tour, team efficiency plan, collaborative method, innovation and indirectconsultation teaching method, etc.

A knowledgeable teacher, while utilizing various methods, can recognize the will and authority of the student and consider him responsible for learning. Such a method is based on the use of active teaching methods that give students a sense of responsibility. But it must be admitted that the most important thing is the use of integrated methods. In integrated methods, creativity and communication and scientific skills of exploration and problem solving are developed, learned and internalized more than in other teaching methods.

The overall conclusion of the research showed that teaching methods and techniques are essential elements in the teaching and learning process. These methods determine the quality of transferring concepts to learners and the success in achieving educational goals. 

Social media as an emerging phenomenon in Iran has caused significant changes in all activities, especially in the field of educational services. According to their mission, universities and higher education centers always seek to attract students and then attract motivation for specific actions and behaviors. The lack of native standard models for using social media marketing in the university has caused us to sometimes see problems in this field. Based on this, this research, after investigating the ethical problems of this activity, first through the method of qualitative approach and inductive content analysis, while conducting scientometrics, identifies the dimensions of social media marketing and localizes them using the Delphi method. Then, with the help of exploratory factor analysis, while verifying the groups of indicators of each dimension and verifying validity, it evaluates the current and desirable situation of these indicators and factors in Iranian universities. The statistical population of this research in the qualitative section of the articles of the Web of Science database during the 50 years ending in 2022 and in the qualitative section is selected experts and cultural assistants of universities across the country that were surveyed using the snowball method. The results show that the most important problems are related to the ethical approach in advertising and social media marketing policy.

In this study, the purpose is to explain John Dewey's views on the connection between theory and practice in the democratic society. According to him this aim can be achieved through education. Criticizing the dualities in the history of philosophy, Dewey considers the mission of philosophy not only in discovering the relations between the world and the mystery of the world, but its mission includes how to control and correct the world too. The task of philosophy is to study social conflicts through thinking and resolving these conflicts. He seeks to formulate philosophy in line with the principles of democratic life and to prepare citizens for a democratic society while reconciling opinion and practice. For Dewey as a pragmatist, the concept of democracy is not merely a political concept. For a pragmatist, redesigning the overall form of society in which different people live is a necessity of a democratic society. In this form, the pervasive interaction of community members with each other through social experiences and in some way which leads to social continuity is emphasized. According to Dewey, the realization of this meaning is possible through education and in this way, the possibility of for all members of the community to grow and members of the community to achieve problem-solving skills and the critical thinking method reaches a desirable level of intellectual maturity. Therefore, Dewey, on the one hand, seeks to solve life's problems and social incompatibilities through philosophy, and on the other hand, considers democracy to be the best way of life; With a pragmatic approach, he is trying to draw the desired democratic society in such a way that the element of education in the individual of the society creates the ability to solve problems in the members of the society and provides the possibility of their participation in the mechanism of the society, solving current problems and social conflicts.

Build – operate – Transfers (B.O.T.) contract is a contract in which one part of the contract (Investee government) gives the right of construction and operation of an infrastructural project to a consortium including several private entities. In this contract, after constructing and operating the project, the consortium is obliged to transfer the project to the investee government after a specific time. Different governments especially in the underdeveloped countries consider this contract as an effective tool in attracting foreign investment in order to get an effective management to run infrastructural projects. In order to succeed in this method, the investee government should provide legal, economical and political sect for the private investors. In the Iranian legal system, the only existing rule is the rule of encouraging and supporting foreign investors legislated in 2002 in the Expediency Discernment Council in which this contract is briefly briefed. Due to the particular position of the free industrial and commercial zones, this kind of contract can be advantageous for the government in Iran in order to attract foreign investment and have access to the modern technologies. This study attempts to determine the motivations in using B.O.T. contract and the role of such a contract in attracting foreign investment. Besides, in this article attempts have been made in order to investigate the dispossessions of the international investors as well as the ways of solving their problems..

The present research work is an attempt to study the impact of the program of teaching philosophy to children on the problem solving capability of primary grade 3 students of Eslamabad-e Gharb city. All primary grade 3 students in 1393-1394 (2014-2015) are included in this research work. For this purpose 80 students have been selected randomly in two experimental group (40 students) and control group (40 students). For collecting data, the Solving Problem Questionnaire of Long and Kasidi(1996) has initially been used, then the program of teaching philosophy to children has been implemented for experimental group in twelve sessions. At the end of the course, the same questionnaire has been used for both groups. An average mark of problem solving capability of both control and experimental groups have been assessed through the analysis of Covariance which shows a meaningful difference (p