simulation

“Model” is one of the foundational concepts in the philosophy of science and contemporary epistemology. From a human-centered perspective, a model is a “system of thought,” and modeling is the “design of a system for thinking.” Models are highly useful in describing and predicting phenomena. A model may be defined as a symbolic representation of an environment or the real world, aimed at forecasting outcomes, exploring executable options, and selecting the best alternative. In essence, a model is a simplified representation of a complex structure (system). Due to the internal interactions among its components and their external interaction with the environment, such structures often exhibit varied and sometimes complex behaviors. The purpose of modeling is to enhance our understanding of complex phenomena and processes in the external world. In reality, a model is an analytical tool that enables us to grasp not the entirety of reality, but its meaningful and intelligible segments.

Although rasch tree model analysis has been introduced to identify Bias questions in various tests, little research has been done. The purpose of this study was to use the rasch tree model and to investigate the intervening factors in revealing the differential action of the test questions. To answer the research questions, the method of simulation studies and data of the specific test of Amin University of Law Enforcement Sciences were used. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of method called psychometric research. The statistical population of the special exam of Amin University of Law Enforcement Sciences in 1398 with the number of 2414 people has been analyzed in full. The DIFtree package in R software was used to determine the detection rate of the differentiation Item Functioning using the rasch tree model. The results of the simulation study showed that the rasch tree model detects the differentiation Item Functioning in samples with a volume of more than 1000 subjects as 100%. The results also showed that in the specific exam of the University of Law Enforcement Sciences, 9 questions have differentiation Item Functioning, in the most important of which, 7 questions in the mathematics group with 18 years of age (second category) and 6 questions in the mathematics group with 19 years of age (category First) has a bias towards the experimental sciences group (third category) and the orientation of the bias has been in favor of the first and second category and to the detriment of the third category.

The use of knowledge integration framework will result in relating different individual ideas of learners and will lead to a collective idea about concept of a phenomena among learners. Using dynamic visualizations, learners will be able to view and test phenomena in the non-visible levels. So, this study was conducted with the aim of examining the effect of using dynamic visualizations and knowledge integration framework on chemistry learning of tenth grade high school female students. In this research, the pretest-posttest, quasi-experimental method with control group was used. Statistical Population consisted of all tenth grade high school female students in Tehran, using convenience sampling method, 34 students were selected as the sample and were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. Measuring the instrument was a researcher-made tool for measuring academic achievement in chemistry lesson consisted of 13 items designed to test the relationship between learners' ideas towards a concept and different levels of chemistry. Before starting the course, a pre-test was performed in both groups, dynamic visualizations and knowledge integration framework strategy was used in experimental group in six 60-minutes sessions while the control group were taught using traditional teaching method in five 60-minutes sessions. Post-test was conducted in both groups. Results of covariance analysis confirmed the effect of using knowledge integration framework and dynamic visualizations in comparison with the traditional teaching method and the difference between the experimental and control group in terms of chemistry performance after the posttest (F=41. 462, p<0.0001). Findings showed that the group which has been taught using the dynamic visualizations and knowledge integration framework, established a better relationship between different levels of chemical reactions. In addition, the use of knowledge integration framework helped students to have a common understanding toward concepts of phenomena and systematically understand the connections between different ideas in a phenomenon.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of simulation teaching method in physics course on creativity of second high school students in Isfahan city during the academic year 2018-2019. The research method is quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test design. In order to measure creativity based on Torrance's view, Abedi's creativity test was used in the four subscales of Fluency, Elaboration, Intivative, and Flexibility. For this purpose, 50 high school students were selected from Isfahan Secondary High School in Experimental Sciences in Physics by multi-stage cluster random sampling. The learners were trained in two groups of 25 students with different fields of study, experimental group with simulation teaching method and control group with traditional teaching method without any intervention for eight weeks, each session for 90 minutes. For all test and control groups, one teacher was used for learning. Data were analysed by SPSS 25 software at two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics using multivariate analysis of covariance (Mankova). Finally, the results of the analysis showed that the simulation-based teaching method can have a significant difference in the fluid, elaborate, and creative subscales (P<0.05), but there is no significant difference in their creativity flexibility component (P>0.05). Overall, this style of teaching promoted creativity in these learners.

Inequality, nowadays, is one of the main concerns in developmental plans and as a result expansion of basic opportunities and their fair distribution is a part and parcel of any roadmap to development. However, the economic policies of the country can inform any attempt in this regard. To estimate the extent to which such policies have impacted equal and timely access to education in Iran, the data collected on household budget, especially the individual, family, and provincial factors, were used in a regression analysis. Furthermore, the impact of two scenarios of reduction in poverty rate and the level of poverty on the probability of access to education and fair distribution of educational opportunities was assessed. Results show that city dwelling, head of the household’s level of education, household income, and home ownership is directly related to the probability of children’s timely access to appropriate grade level, just as the number of children under 15 years of age in the household is reversely related. Furthermore, residency in certain provinces also impacts the said probability. Gender and the kinship between child and the head of the household have no impact. However, any reduction of poverty rate or level does lead to better chance of timely access and fair distribution of educational opportunities.

Designer engineers often use simulation technology to optimize performance, testing, training, and training skills. On the other hand, simulation can be used to optimize management processes. One of the processes that most R & D centers are involved in is managing the process and scheduling of new product development projects. This article explains the subject by providing modeling and simulating a process and presenting a numerical example and analyzing its results. For this purpose, at first, the variables, parameters, constraints and objectives of the management system and project scheduling were identified. Then, their modeling was expressed using simulation and implemented on a numerical example. In order to achieve the objectives of this research, the Arena14 simulation software has been used. After the implementation of the model, different scenarios for prioritizing the projects were applied to study the case. Finally, the results of different scenarios were analyzed using statistical methods. The findings show that the use of simulation without the need for precise mathematical modeling can be effective in comparing other methods of project management and scheduling in terms of uncertainty that are in high complexity.

Educational simulation is a technique or a type of media that tries to show some behavioral aspects of a physical or abstract system in a different way using a specific behavior. Therefore, objective of this survey was to compare education[1] based on simulation with a focus on manufacturer-orientation attitude and systematic attitude of third grade vocational students studying computer on their learning and retention. Research methodology was semi-experimental including pretest, posttest and control group. Sample size is included 60 students studying computer in the vocational schools of the city of Kashan in 2015-2016. They were selected by the use of convenience sampling and simple random sampling and were placed in two groups i.e. treatment (40) and control (20). Participants in the treatment group received computer network lessons through simulation with manufacturer-orientation method, systematic attitude, and traditional method in 7 sessions. Data was collected by the use of standardized researcher-made questionnaire (difficulty, distinguish, and validity indexes); and data was analyzed through statistical methods of covariance. In order to design the simulated environment, Cisco Packet Tracer software was used. According to findings, the two treatment groups had progresses in learning and retention i.e. there was significant difference between their learning before and after education, but in the first group that was educated through simulation focusing on manufacturer-orientation attitude, the level of learning was higher than the group that had experienced systematic attitude. It means that in the variables of learning and retention, the first group had better results.

This study has been conducted in order to analyze the subject of lack of promotion of faculty members’ competencies for sustainability education and to present the mechanisms for improvement of problem. The method of system dynamics analysis was used because of the nature of the problem. Based on the steps of research method, a survey of faculty members with less than 20 years experience were implemented in the University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran. The causal layered analysis was used to explain research problem and formulate dynamic hypotheses. Based on the recognition of the problem, dynamic model of faculty members’ competencies for sustainability education was developed that describes and predicts the behavior of research problem by simulating for the next 20 years. The model includes eight reinforcing and four balancing feedback loops. After ensuring the validity of the model, for enhancing faculty members’ competencies, six mechanisms were elicited and tested in simulated environment in order to study their effects on the problem. Six mechanisms include: taking a compulsory course to familiarize freshman students with the basic concepts of sustainability competencies, holding educational-skill courses concerning appropriate strategies for sustainability education for faculty members, revising compulsory specialized outlines of educational disciplines, holding meetings of strategic dialogue, changing faculty members’ promotion system through taking special advantages to sustainability researches, and changing promotion system based on the educational processes.

As nowadays the Internet and computer networks have been recognized as powerful tools for tele-operation and distributed collaborative works, great opportunities have been offered to expand applications of remote control and monitoring methods in various fields. In this paper, a comparison of various methods for data communication in computer networks for control and automation systems and remote monitoring using MATLAB and LabVIEW software is presented. First an introduction to several structures for data transfer is given and then the structures are compared based on quality, speed, security, and so on. Finally, these methods are applied to a typical case study and results are evaluated.

As the World Wide Web externd, multimedia and programming technologies are evolving to enable the development of instructional software for significant depth and interactivity. This article discusses the development and evolution of web-based tools to support introductory materials science courses and demonstrates how these tools (including QuickTime, Java, JavaScript and virtual reality modeling language) can be used for educational purposes. Such educational approaches with minor adjustment have been successfully integrated into introductory materials science courses in several institutions and have been very well received by lecturers and students. In light of this success, ways in which web-based content can be more widely distributed are more eagerly pursued and steps to optimize the structure and application of such resources are considered as the next stage in this educational process. In this article, issues motivating and arising from this sharing of educational resources are discussed, and a list of multimedia tools for materials science is also demonstrated. A brief review of the current condition of computational and simulation tools in materials science and engineering with introduction of two of the most utilized softwares in this discipline are also presented.