constraint

This study to examine the various factors involved in leisure time physical activity participation in Iranian over age 60.To achieve this purpose Hubbard and Mannell’s four models of physical activity participation were analyzed. Initially 600 people participated in this study using cluster sampling. Finally, 552 subjects of elders completed four questionnaires were used including: constraint, negotiation, motivation and physical. For data collection, questionnaires distributed among 9 provinces. The path analysis was used for finding relation between variables and fit model among Iranian elderly. Data showed three questionnaires of constraint, negotiation, motivation have construct validity type of internal consistency and their Cronbach’s Alpha was 0.73, 0.93 and 0.93 respectively. Model’s path analyses in Iranian society showed the first (independence model) and third (constraint effects mitigation model) model were suitable to Iranian society. According to data it can be acknowledged that constraint directly lead to reduce of participation and next of it, factor of motivation can increase the participation.

The aim of this study was to identify goals, constraints and achievements of sponsorship of governmental and private banks for sport in Iran. The research method was applied and qualitative. It was conducted through interviews using thematic analysis. The statistical population consisted of authorities of sport sponsorship departments of Iran governmental and private banks who worked at different positions in marketing, public relations, advertising … 19 banks (5 governmental banks and 14 private banks) had sport sponsorship. The population was selected by census method and the data were collected from 18 banks. The results demonstrated that the goals were categorized into 3 groups: social development, marketing and organizational development. Constraints were categorized into 5 groups: legal, economic, media promotion, feedback and management. Banks attained some achievements which were categorized into 3 groups: social, marketing and organizational development. In order to encourage new sponsors to enter this arena and retain existing sponsors, following points can be taken into account: considering the goals and achievements of banks, strengthening them, identifying their constraints and trying to eliminate them.

The aim of this study was to develop a structural model of the effect of informational quality on students' motivation to participate in sports: the mediating role of constraints in female and male athlete students of Allameh Tabataba'i University in Tehran. The research method was descriptive-correlation and the statistical population included all male and female university students who participated in the university sport festival in the academic year of 2015-2016 (N=650). The sample size of the study was 196 for men and 148 for girls using Morgan Table. The data were collected by the ICU questionnaire (2010). Its validity was confirmed by sport management specialists and its reliability was obtained as 89%. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling using Amos 24 software. The results of the study confirmed the assumed structural relations, that is to say the informational quality directly (0.25) and indirectly through the constraint mediator (-0.99) had an effect on motivation. Constrain variable directly had a significant and reverse effect on students' motivations (-0.76). Therefore, the results of the structural modeling indicated that increased information and reduced constraints increase the motivation to participate in sport competitions among male and female students.

The aim of the present study was structural equation modeling of the effect of constraints on satisfaction with the mediating role of sport tourists’ motivation. The statistical population consisted of all the tourists of ski resorts in Tehran province (Dizin, Shemshak, Touchal, Abali). Due to the indefinite number of the population (N=10000), 370 subjects were selected as the sample by disproportionate stratified random sampling method (due to lack of access to the number of referents to each ski resorts) using Morgan sampling table. The data were collected by the questionnaire of constraints, motivations, and satisfaction of sport tourists (2008). After it was localized and translated, its face and content validity was confirmed by 11 experts of sport tourism and its construct validity was investigated through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The reliability was also achieved by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient as 0.84, 0.87, and 0.79 for variables respectively. The data were analyzed for modeling with Structural Equation Model (SEM) through Lisrel software. The results confirmed the hypothesized structural relations, that is to say the constraints variable had a reverse effect both directly (-0.19) and indirectly (-0.44) through motivation mediator on tourists’ motivation. Besides, the motivations directly affected tourists’ motivation in a positive and significant way (1.14). Therefore, the results and structural model allude to the fact that reducing and removing constraints increase sport tourists’ motivation and satisfaction to attend ski resorts.