Smart City

The study of urban sustainability and the implementation of smart city components is a complex and dynamic research area. The aim of this study is to contribute to the existing body of knowledge by examining the theoretical and practical concepts of smart city components in achieving urban sustainability. By examining the interrelationships between these concepts, this research seeks to provide insight into effective strategies for transitioning towards more sustainable and resilient urban environments in Iranian cities. The present study examines the components of smart cities and their role in urban sustainability.

The present study is of an applied type in terms of purpose and a descriptive-survey study in terms of nature and research method. In explaining the structure, it has been investigated in the city of Khorramabad in the form of a structural equation model, which is a method for examining the relationships between latent variables that simultaneously consider observable variables. The data collection method is also documentary (library) and field (questionnaire). The statistical population of the present study consists of citizens living in urban areas of Khorramabad. The sample size was determined using the sampling formula as 384 people. LISREL software was used to design the structural model and implement the model.

To measure urban sustainability with the approach of implementing smart city components, five components including economy, urban management, environment, citizenship, and transportation were used. The statistical population of the present study consists of citizens living in urban areas of Khorramabad. The results of the study show that implementing a smart city requires attention to all areas of urban management, citizenship, environment, transportation, and economy. The transportation component has the greatest impact on urban sustainability. Environmental and citizenship components also have a significant impact on urban sustainability. However, in the opinion of Khorramabad citizens, urban management and economic components have a lesser impact on urban sustainability. The findings of this study have the potential to inform policy decisions, urban planning practices, and stakeholder engagement strategies, and ultimately contribute to the development of more sustainable and livable cities. Based on this analysis, it can be concluded that implementing a smart city requires attention to all areas of urban management, citizenship, environmental, transportation, and economics. To improve urban sustainability with the approach of implementing smart city components in Khorramabad, the development of public transportation, reduction of air and water pollution, increased citizen participation, and improvement of quality of life should be considered. Also, the needs of citizens should be emphasized based on the use of new technologies in implementing a smart city.

The tendency of residents of non-urban areas to move to urban areas due to lack of resources and the use of technologies and facilities of urban life has led to an increase in the population of cities. These challenges have led to greater focus by urban planning and sustainable development officials on realizing sustainable smart city development. For this purpose, this research was conducted with the aim of identifying and evaluating the factors affecting the realization of sustainable smart cities.

The statistical population includes all experts and specialists in the field of sustainable smart cities in the Tehran metropolis, which, due to lack of information and access to this population and its uncertainty, was assumed to be unlimited and uncertain according to statistical perspectives. The statistical sample of this population was determined based on the Cochran formula to be at least 385 experts, which ultimately resulted in 392 samples. After a comprehensive literature review, 20 initial factors were extracted.

Then, using the Delphi approach and the opinions of 60 available experts, 14 final key factors were identified. In order to evaluate the factors in terms of importance in realizing a sustainable smart city, the technique of “Step-Wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis” and the opinions of 60 experts were used. The evaluation result in Excel software indicates that the eleventh influential factor (smart investment) with the highest weight is placed in the first priority, and the fifth factor (smart governance) and the second (smart economy) were placed in the 2nd and 3rd priorities. Also, the tenth factor (information and communication technology) was placed in the lowest priority. In the next stage, using the binomial test method in SPSS software and collecting the opinions of 392 experts and experts through the third questionnaire, they were asked to announce the level of readiness of Tehran metropolis to realize the key factors of a sustainable smart city with more focus and with a 5-point Likert scale. The results of the study showed that the level of preparedness is below average to above average and overall, there is average preparedness, but it requires serious attention and care from city officials for proper planning. At the end of the study, practical suggestions were presented.

This research, titled The Role of Smart Technologies in Enhancing the Ecological Passive Defense of Tehran Metropolis, investigates how smart technologies can be utilized to reduce ecological vulnerability and enhance Tehran’s resilience against natural and human-induced threats. As the capital of Iran, Tehran faces challenges such as rapid urbanization, air pollution, water scarcity, and natural hazards like earthquakes and floods, which have rendered its ecosystem fragile. Ecological passive defense, a preventive approach to protecting infrastructure and natural resources without relying on military tools, is of critical importance in this context. Smart technologies—including the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, and big data—can strengthen this defense through real-time monitoring, threat prediction, and optimized resource management. The study employs a descriptive-analytical and survey-based methodology, collecting data via a researcher-designed questionnaire from a sample of 100 individuals (professors and experts in ecology and passive defense in Tehran). The sample size was determined based on standard practices for path analysis to ensure sufficient data for meaningful results. Findings indicate that the variable Quality of Life and Ecological Health has the most significant direct impact on ecological passive defense, with a beta coefficient of 0.434, while Sustainability and Balance of the Urban Ecosystem plays a key role with a beta of 0.345. Additionally, smart technologies contribute to reducing vulnerability by enhancing ecological infrastructure and urban resilience through improvements in quality of life. The results suggest that the lack of integration between these technologies and passive defense programs remains a primary challenge in Tehran’s ecological management.

A comprehensive review of existing studies is essential to provide an accurate definition of a climate-smart city and its indicators. This research systematically analyzes qualitative studies on climate-smart city indicators in 2000-2024.

Using a systemic approach and content analysis following PRISMA guidelines, this study systematically reviews the scientific literature on climate-smart cities. Articles were searched in reputable databases such as Google Scholar and ScienceDirect using relevant keywords, covering the period from 2000 to 2024. After an initial screening, 50 articles were selected from 250 for in-depth review, and ultimately, 11 articles were chosen for final analysis. Inclusion criteria focused on studies addressing climate-smart cities, the role of smart technologies in climate change mitigation, and sustainable models, while articles lacking clear research methodology or focusing on non-smart cities were excluded. Qualitative content analysis was conducted through three stages of coding (open, axial, and selective) to extract key components of climate-smart cities and present a final conceptual model.

A significant increase in research on climate-smart cities were detected since 2018, with peak scientific output in 2018-2023. About 35.71% of studies focus on carbon reduction, while 28.57% emphasize climate governance. Nine key components were identified, including resilience and sustainability, smart infrastructure, renewable energy, low-carbon transportation, smart governance and policymaking, social and digital participation, public awareness and education, technology and data-driven approaches, and monitoring and evaluation. Among these, smart infrastructure was the most frequently mentioned component, appearing 11 times.

The integration of key attributes highlighted in the reviewed studies transforms climate-smart cities into effective platforms for tackling climate change, paving the way for sustainable development for future generations.

Today, given the explosive growth of urban populations worldwide, urban planners seek new solutions to overcome these challenges. One of the approaches to addressing these issues in urban planning is the concept of smart cities, which has gained attention in recent years. In the current century, rapid advancements in information and communication technology, particularly in smart cities, have reduced the quality of life in environmental and socio-economic dimensions, i.e., the livability of cities, on a global scale. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the spatial relationship between smart city indicators and the livability of neighborhoods in the city of Isfahan. The required data and information were collected through both library and survey methods. After analysis in EXCEL software, the data were imported into GIS software and analyzed spatially using multivariate regression as a GWR (Geographically Weighted Regression) model. The statistical sample of the study consisted of 337 citizens of Isfahan. The results of the study revealed that the status of smart city indicators is unfavorable, with peripheral neighborhoods of the city being in worse condition. Additionally, the livability indicators in Isfahan are not in a desirable state, as most neighborhoods have an average score below 3. Furthermore, the results of the spatial analysis using the GWR model showed that, based on the R2 statistic, the relationship between the independent variable (city smartness) and the dependent variable (urban livability) is 76% and 67% for the economic and social indicators, respectively. Smart city indicators can have a significant impact on the livability of neighborhoods in Isfahan, especially in the eastern, southern, and southwestern regions of the city. The R2 statistic also indicated that the influence of smart city indicators on the physical and environmental dimensions of livability in Isfahan neighborhoods is at a moderate level of approximately 50%.

With the rapid increase in population in cities, many challenges have arisen, including the lack of urban infrastructure, the formation of unstable settlements, the lack of welfare services, the increase in anomalies and insecurity, and as a result, the decline in livability and social security. Therefore, smartization is a necessary and essential strategy in the age of technology to reduce social, traffic, service, monitoring and control problems. It is known to increase the level of urban livability and security. Therefore, by considering humans as the axis of urban development, the importance of urban security and livability is given more attention. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of smartization on improving the livability and urban security of Karaj city.

The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. A questionnaire field method was used to collect data, and descriptive and inferential statistics (correlation, structural analysis) were used for analysis.

The relationship between smart city and livability and urban security is a direct relationship with an intensity of 761. Among the components of intelligence, smart citizen has the greatest impact on livability and social security with a coefficient of 0.899. The prerequisite for achieving desirable livability and social security is the transition from the first generation of smart cities (technology-driven urban development) to the second generation (smart government) and the third generation of smart citizenship.

Increasing urbanization has brought various consequences for cities, which has become the basis for many social and economic difficulties and damages. Therefore, due to these harmful consequences, for years, policy makers and managers at the macro level and in the city scale; They seek to find healing strategies. In this regard, among the most important strategies based on the impressive capabilities of information and communication technology, in order to create a productive and effective city; and it has been proposed to solve the problems of cities in the world; It is a "smart city"; And in this framework, they have tried to build a platform, including in building the institutional capacity of such cities The main goal of the present research is to identify the basic components affecting the institutional capacity in order to realize a smart city; and evaluating the current situation of Ahvaz metropolis from the perspective of these components. This research is question-oriented, which was carried out by following an exploratory method in answering the research questions. The statistical population of the study was experts working in offices and companies of Ahvaz city whose organization was involved in the process of smartening this city; Or will be. The statistical sample of the research was 380 people, and the samples were selected by snowball and supervised network sampling. Since the exact number of the statistical population was not known, the KMO test, sampling adequacy and Rasko's rules were confirmed. The research tool was a five-point Likert electronic questionnaire, whose items were designed based on 29 components extracted from 114 scientific documents and valid research.The extracted data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis and one-sample t-test and Friedman statistical tests.Based on the research results, respectively, the components of superior institutions, the use of information and communication technology in improving environmental quality, smart governance, the use of information and communication technology in economics and business, the power of organizational actors; And institutional readiness is in poor condition. In the meantime, the government and the oil institutions are of strategic importance.

The emergence of metaverse cities is a novel phenomenon and a necessity for the future of urban environments globally. The urban metaverse results in the creation of enhanced, resilient, and sustainable cities, facilitating future urban decision-making for city managers. The primary reason for the explosion of the metaverse is that it brings limitless imagination to people. The emerging metaverse technology will undoubtedly inject new vitality into smart cities, open up more practical scenarios, and propel them forward.

This research aims to discuss digitalization and the impact of digital twins on the advancement of modern cities, as well as the core content and key technologies of smart cities. This study is considered fundamental research. It is question - driven and conducted through documentary and library research. Additionally, it is a qualitative exploratory study that employs qualitative content analysis to answer the research questions. Information gathering tools in this research include library sources such as books, articles, theses, development plans, and internet resources.

Overall, this research serves as a significant reference for the overall development and practical application of smart cities based on digital twins, enhancing the overall operational efficiency and governance level of cities.

Isfahan metropolis is one of the pioneers of smart cities in Iran from the perspective of developing technical infrastructure and urban management in smartization. Therefore, this research has studied the perspective of Isfahan managers and officials in the field of smartization of public transportation in 15 districts of Isfahan city. The statistical population of the present study consists of specialists and experts who have sufficient knowledge in the field of urban planning development and urban transportation. The indicators related to experts are: having experience and background in scientific and research centers and private and government organizations active in the field of smart city development and urban transportation and having research background in the field of smart city. First, by studying global studies and relying on theoretical foundations and semi-structured interviews, the indicators were identified and finally, using the two-stage Delphi method, they were grouped into five organizational groups: superior, conditions of existence, physical, structural, location, and socio-cultural conditions. The results show that from the perspective of managers, the existing conditions index with a weight of (0.134) is the most important index in smart public transportation, followed by the socio-cultural conditions index with a weight of (0.131). Finally, using the opinions of urban managers and experts and the Arasteh model, the 15 regions of Isfahan city have been ranked from the perspective of managers based on the known dimensions for smart public transportation. The results show that from the perspective of managers and urban experts, region one of Isfahan city is the most prepared for smart public transportation, followed by regions eight and thirteen. In fact, these results show that these areas can be selected as pilot areas for implementing smart public transportation projects and are better prepared than other areas in terms of management dimensions .

Smart tourism is known as a comprehensive approach that provides tourism information, travel related services such as destination, food, transportation, reservation, travel guide to tourists easily through information technology. The purpose of this study is to investigate the status of smart tourism in Chabahar city. This research has been done in terms of the purpose of the application type and using the descriptive-analytical method. The data of this research was obtained by two documentary and field methods and a researcher-made questionnaire was used. The statistical population of the research includes 106,739 citizens of Chabahar city and the sample size was determined using the Cochran formula equal to 325 people from the statistical population of this research. The questionnaire was analyzed with the help of SPSS software. The findings showed that, in total, the state of smart tourism in Chabahar city in terms of technical index with an average of 3.129, economic index with an average of 3.187, operational index with an average of 3.093 and scheduling index with an average of 3.171 and the legal index has been evaluated favorably with an average of 108.3. Fuzzy Hierarchy Analysis (FAHP) technique has been used in order to prioritize factors affecting smart tourism in Chabahar city. The obtained results showed that the operational dimension with a weight value of 0.328 has assigned the most important factors affecting smart tourism in Chabahar city. Also, the economic dimension with a weight of 0.237 in the second priority, the legal dimension with a weight of 0.196 in the third priority, the technical dimension with a weight of 0.157 in the fourth priority and the scheduling dimension with a weight of 0.082 in the fifth priority is placed.

Smart and resilient cities are two different concepts, but they can be combined to improve citizens' lives in the face of various challenges. therefore, in the present study, the factors influencing the formation of a smart city based on infrastructural resilience were examined. Data collection was carried out using a library method and a questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out using factor analysis and multivariate regression testing in SPSS software and structural equation modeling in the IMOS software environment. The results of the factor analysis showed that utilizing smart energy-based infrastructures to reduce vulnerability is the first factor in forming a smart city based on infrastructural resilience in Ahvaz. Also, factors such as infrastructure and social capital, smart urban infrastructure management, and smart and integrated management of information infrastructure for realizing a resilient smart city have been ranked second to fourth, respectively. The results also showed that the 6 extracted factors of infrastructure resilience account for 0.723 percent of the variance of the smart city variable; utility and energy infrastructure affects the realization of a smart city by 53.7 percent, institutional-management infrastructure by 63.1 percent, and social infrastructure by 27.3 percent. Smartization of rescue and relief services such as firefighting, construction of smart routes for special vehicles and service providers, optimal planning of smart neighborhoods based on social capital, and smart and integrated management of information, energy, and utility infrastructure are among the suggestions presented based on the results of the research.

In recent decades, the concept of a smart city has become very common in urban planning in response to challenges. However, there are complexities about the definition of the concept of a smart city, and a smart city contains different concepts and meanings for urban activists. Based on this, the current research has sought to clarify and reduce the ambiguities and complexities of the concept of a smart city in a way that tries to extract the main common meanings and concepts for the concept of a smart city. Responding to the purpose of the research was done by relying on the qualitative method and meta-synthesis (meta-analysis) of the authentic studies written on the topic of smart cities (68 selected articles), which were mainly done in the last decade. The findings show that the use of information and communication technologies along with human and social capital are responsible for advancing the plans of a smart city. In addition, these are the driving forces that lead to the creation of other main concepts of the smart city, such as innovation and creativity, increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the urban system. The current state of the concept of a smart city, which is accompanied by an increase in the human-centered view and its greater connection with concepts such as holistic, sustainability, and flexibility, while making this concept larger and more comprehensive, has made the ability to measure the smartness of a city more complicated.

In the near future, the automated performance and intelligence of cities will become a vital need to improve the economic, social and environmental well-being of citizens. Urban smart technologies play an important role in the sustainable development of cities and make smart cities a reality. In this sense, the energy sustainability of cities has become a global concern, and has brought with it a wide range of research and challenges that affect many aspects of people's lives. Buildings that make up an urban subsystem In fact, buildings are the cornerstone of global carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, the present study seeks to identify the factors affecting the reduction of urban energy consumption for the sustainability of smart metropolises. The present research is descriptive-analytical and survey, the sample size is 15 city managers, managers and professors of information and communication technology. Data analysis was performed by structural equation method (SEM) with SPSS and Smart PLS software. The results show that the greatest impact on reducing energy consumption in the direction of urban sustainability in the metropolis of Tabriz is related to the physical index (PH), citizens' satisfaction and comfort index (SA), energy consumption management. (CM) with the extracted coefficients based on the structural model of the research are 0.965, 0.960 and 0.902, respectively. Therefore, to reduce energy consumption for sustainability in the metropolis of Tabriz, the use of smart urban development methods along with the forecast of smart buildings will be very effective.

Security is one of the fundamental needs of humans, and due to population growth and increasing complexity, today's cities face more challenges in achieving security. The overall aim of this study was to explore the relationship between smart city drivers and sustainable urban security in the city of Semnan.

This research employed a descriptive correlational method to investigate the relationships between smart city dimensions and urban security in 2024 in Semnan. Data were collected through a questionnaire from 384 participants. For analysis, Pearson correlation, multiple regression, and one-sample T-test were used. The results revealed that the dimensions of citizens, smart environment, and smart mobility had the most positive impact on urban security, while the dimensions of smart governance and smart dynamics need strengthening.

The findings indicate that the various dimensions of the smart city have different impacts on urban security in Semnan. "Citizens," "smart environment," and "smart mobility" have the most positive impact on urban security and should be strengthened in policy-making. On the other hand, "smart governance" and "smart dynamics" need revision and improvement. The results also show that 58% of the variance in urban security is explained by the dimensions of the smart city, indicating a strong relationship between these dimensions and urban security. Additionally, the urban security status in Semnan was found to be below expectations, and this difference is statistically significant.

The results of this study indicate that the various dimensions of a smart city, especially "citizens," "smart environment," and "smart mobility," have a significant impact on urban security, while the dimensions of "smart governance" and "smart dynamics" require strengthening and improvement to enhance urban security.

Nowadays, due to the high position of Mashhad in smartening all related issues, the classic risks and threats are not the only dangers. As various urban networks are interconnected, disruption in one part of the system will affect all other parts, which can make governing the city difficult and in danger of disasters. As complexity increases in cities, the need to pay attention to risk management increases. Mashhad is considered the leading city in urban smartening in Iran. It holds a certificate of successful implementation of the key indicators of a sustainable smart city from the World Smart Sustainable Cities Organization (WeGO). Moreover, Mashhad Municipality faces huge challenges in technology, the external environment, and the ability of organize risks and hazards. Therefore, it is a must to identify the most significant risks in this regard. Using a descriptive analytical method, this applied study tried to identify threats and risks a high level of impact and probability of occurrence in Mashhad Municipality.

Taking into account the approach, the technology dimension entails 14 indicators and 49 variables, the organization dimension has 14 indicators and 43 variables, and the environment dimension consists of 10 indicators and 41 variables related to risks. A researcher-made questionnaire was used as a tool for collecting the required data. The statistical population consists of 55 experts and specialists on the subject matter of this research, who were selected based on accessibility in the Mashhad’s municipality. The collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and AMOS software.

The results revealed that the most significant risks that threat smart urban governance of Mashhad Municipality among the three studied dimensions have to do with the organization dimension. Regarding the technology dimension, the highest factor loads related to threats, in terms of the impact and probability of occurrence, is related to artificial intelligence (0.79), software (0.768), sensors (0.767), cyber security (0.761), and big data (0.719). Regarding organization, electronic transactions (0.820), confidentiality (0.760), electronic communication (0.753), and information accuracy (0.752) held the highest percentage. Among the risk indicators examined for the urban environment, public places (0.798), energy (0.795), urban safety (0.760), and wastewater (0.684) were identified as the most threats in the Mashhad Municipality. 

his study tried to identify the impact and probability of risks from several studies on the Iranian context and at the international on three dimensions of the approach (technology, organization, environment) through field study. The results showed that Mashhad Municipality faces several dangers and threats in all three dimensions of the approach this study (technology, organization, and environment). It showed that the existing plans for addressing these risks have many weaknesses, and it is necessary that the policies regarding the management of risks be implemented by the managers and officials of the municipality, especially the policies on to the organization dimension, which has the highest level of risk. Afrakhteh et al. (2021) had focused on evaluating the risks of the municipalities’ information technology sector through questionnaires completed by 751 municipalities of Iran. They concluded that safety, operational, strategic, and financial risks in the field of information technology of municipalities in Iran are the most important type of threats. The results of this study are in line with the results of the risks studied in the technology dimension of the Mashhad Municipality, which faces threats in terms of safety. Beiramizadeh and Mollahosseini (2019) conducted a study on the challenges of cyber security in smart cities. They emphasize that the field of smart city cyber security in Iran is in its infancy level and needs the efforts of governments and developers. The finding is true about the Mashhad Municipality, since the results showed that in the Mashhad Municipality, cyber security is also a threat with a high risk. Among the studies conducted on the international level, Ullah et al. (2021) analyzed the risk management in the governance of sustainable smart cities that have a technology, organization, and environment approach. They conducted a systematic review and showed that from among the 56 identified risks, 7 risks (38.7%) were technological risks, 11 organization risks consist 15.0% of the total, and 24 risks are related to the external environment. The results of the present study showed that the most risks are related to the organization dimension of Mashhad Municipality. The results revealed that the most significant risks among the three dimensions (technology, organization, and urban environment) in Mashhad Municipality are related to the organization dimension and its risk indicators. The indicators related to the environment and technology are the second and third, respectively, in terms of threats and risks. The results on the impact and probability of risks in all three dimensions showed that the most risks in the technology sector, both in terms of impact and in terms of probability of occurrence, have to do with artificial intelligence and software, and the least impact and probability of occurrence are related to urban smart displays. Regarding the organization dimension, the highest level of impact and probability of risks belongs to the indicators of electronic transactions and confidentiality, and the least impact and probability belongs to flexibility in the organization. Regarding the urban environment dimension, the highest level belongs to public places and energy, and the lowest level of impact and probability of occurrence is related to the population density.

Increasing urbanization, population growth and the social, economic and environmental problems resulting from them, along with the growth and expansion of information and communication technology - as the main axis of transformation in the world - is the main feature of the 21st century. To deal with the challenge of cities, the concept of smart city has been presented. Good urban governance is presented as a prerequisite for a smart city by national and international organizations. Therefore, the idea of urban management and governance has been removed from its traditional state and improved. In other words, good and smart governance involves an open dialogue between citizens and city officials through an active ICT platform. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to answer the question that with the new changes in the field of technology in the cities of the country, especially the metropolises, what is the state of good governance indicators in the studied metropolis? And is the urban management in Tabriz metropolis able to improve the desirable urban governance indicators in line with the smart city indicators? The answers to the research questions have been done by using a combination of quantitative and qualitative models. The indicators of smart city and good urban governance have been extracted using questionnaire tools and statistics available in statistical yearbooks and analyzed in Python programming environment. The results show that the overall score of good governance in Tabriz metropolis is 0.436. Among the five indicators introduced by the United Nations, the effectiveness index is the most favorable and the equality index is the most unfavorable among other indicators.

Smart cities are developed and built as interconnected urban domains where embedded elements can interact with each other and with the users residing in them. In building smart cities, Internet of Things has the potential to collect information about the urban environment, provide new services to citizens, facilitate their daily life and increase the ability to live in the city. In the current research, with the participation of managers, officials and academic experts, the key drivers affecting the smart city based on the Internet of Things have been identified and finally, the scenarios effective on the formation of the smart city based on the Internet of Things have been compiled. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. The method of collecting data and information was library, document and survey (interview). The review of scientific sources identified 26 factors affecting the smart city based on the Internet of Things, which were categorized into 6 dimensions, and a total of 25 people, including managers of related organizations and academic experts, were interviewed. Data analysis was based on prospective research technique; Including structure analysis, analysis of mutual effects based on Micmac and Scenario Wizard software. The results showed that there are 8 possible scenarios for the establishment of a smart city based on the Internet of Things, of which 1 scenario is in a strong and stable compatibility mode (zero incompatibility) and 7 scenarios are in a weak compatibility mode. The first scenario, which is a scenario with a positive direction, has an interaction effect score of 123 and a compatibility value of 2, while the second scenario, which seems to be unfavorable conditions for the future of the smart city based on the Internet of Things in Mashhad metropolis, has a total interaction effect score of -20 and the compatibility value is -1. The third scenario also has a compatibility value of -1 and with a total interaction effect score of 27, it can be one of the possible scenarios for the future of the smart city based on the Internet of Things in Mashhad metropolis.

District 20 of Tehran Municipality is characterized as a less developed region attributable to factors such as insufficient smart infrastructure and the absence of a coherent vision for smart city infrastructure advancement. The primary objective of this research was to develop a comprehensive management framework for spatial data infrastructure integrated with a smart city approach within District 20 of Tehran.

This investigation, carried out between 2023 and 2024, was divided into qualitative and quantitative phases, with a particular focus on District 20 in Tehran. The study's sample size comprised 16 experts, and data collection methods encompassed semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. During the qualitative phase, the components essential for managing spatial data infrastructure in the context of a smart city were identified through an extensive review of existing literature. Subsequently, following adjustments based on expert feedback, a total of 12 components were validated. In the quantitative phase, structural equation modeling was employed to delineate the network of relationships and interactions, culminating in the presentation of the final model.

The formulation of policies for spatial data infrastructure was recognized as the most influential component at the highest echelon. Factors such as the utilization extent of spatial data, the quantity of electronic service centers, data update frequencies, cooperation and synchronization among the authorities of Rey Governorate, Rey Municipality, and Tehran Municipality in the realms of spatial data production, standardization, and distribution, along with the element of collaboration and synchronization with other entities categorized as data users, were positioned as influential components at the lowest tier.

The policies and criteria established within the domain of spatial data infrastructure possess the most significant influence on other elements.