detection

One of the reasons for the short life time of heavy tires is wear, caused in the tire by various factors. Heavy vehicle tires are more affected by abrasion and wear for various reasons, such as high weight, movement on rocky ground, heavy loads exerted on the vehicle, and as a result, have a relatively shorter life time. Although in recent studies, research has been conducted on abrasion due to several cases, in this article, the effective factors on abrasion of heavy vehicle tires are studied according to their special working conditions. New methods of wear detection and control of the wear process are discussed. This study will help identify the key causes of tire wear, providing suitable working environment for tires, distinguishing more sensitive parts of the tire, and recognizing better operating conditions. Finally, this paper introducer wear detection technologies using sound waves and acoustics and by means of neural network and wear detection sensors, and the effect of tire wear on car fuel consumption is investigated and a new technology of selfrepairing tires is introduced.

Optical sensors and biosensors have the great potential to detect metal cations, anions, organic dyes, drugs, pesticides and other contaminants. These sensors are considered for their easy preparation, fast sensing, high sensitivity and selectivity, as well as naked eye detection. Optical sensors are divided into two categories of colorimetric and fluorescent sensors. In this regard, molecularly imprinted polymers, indicators, nanomaterials (metal nanoparticles, metal oxides, quantum dots) and etc. are used for the designation of optical sensors. The fabrication of MIP-based optical sensors is one of the considerable methods for the preparation of optical sensors. This method, known as the molecular lock-key method, for creating molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) which are complement to template molecules in shape, size, and functional groups. These materials are similar to biological systems in structure and application that result from the copolymerization of functional monomers and crosslinkers in the presence of the target molecule. These polymers are used for the detection, separation and removal of trace amount of various contaminants in complex substrates. For the preparation of MIP-based sensors, fluorescent functional monomers and dyes including coumarins, xanthenes, naphthalimides, carbazoles, boron dipyrromethenes, azo dyes, schiff bases and etc. are used. Therefore, in this study, various applications of MIPs including environmental, pharmaceutical and medical usage through separation, biomimetic assays, sustained delivery and release, new application areas and specially, optical sensors (synthesis process and its mechanism), will be expressed. In addition, recent developments and commercialization of MIPs and MIP based sensors, will be discussed as well as the introduction of some active companies in this field.

Nowadays, the use of sensitive and selective fluorescent sensors for biological and clinical applications has been important for the early detection and control of various diseases. Since saccharides play an important role in biological processes, their detection is one of the particular importance and there is an urgent need to develop of technology for the continuous control of glucose in patients. Bronic acids, can be reversed and covalently formed by the diols in aqueous solution to form five or six ring esters. Based on this phenomenon, compounds containing bronic acid have been used as receptors in sensors. In this paper, fluorescent sensors based on dyes with bronic acids are introduced.