practices

Foodborne infections are a global problem, especially in developing nations. These infections mostly spread in homes, restaurants, and other public places. Thus, promoting food safety knowledge, attitudes, and hygienic behaviors is essential. The aim of this study was to assess the level of food safety knowledge attitude and hygienic practices among food service workers in hotels, restaurants and street food stands. A cross-sectional study carried out during February to May 2024 in Morogoro Municipality examined 75 hotel, restaurant, and street food vendors' food safety knowledge, attitudes, and hygienic practices using structured questionnaires and an observation checklist. Food service workers were tested on pathogens, cleanliness, and handling. Correct answers got points; scores below 50% indicated insufficient knowledge. Food safety attitudes contained 10 questions with 10% points for accurate answers. Food service workers in hotels had significantly (p<0.05) superior food safety knowledge (94.65%), attitude (95.60%), and hygienic practices (98.25%) compared to those in restaurants and street food stands. The food service workers at street food stands had the lowest ratings in terms of their knowledge (50.65%), attitude (40.40%), and hygienic practices (45.75%). Restaurant food service workers scored 66.97%, 69.2% and 83.02% for food safety knowledge, attitude, and hygienic practices, respectively, and these were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those obtained from street food stand and lower than hotel service workers. Hotel staff demonstrated superior food safety knowledge, attitude, and practices compared to street vendors. Food safety in Morogoro Municipality requires intense training, regulatory supervision, local authority cooperation, and continual study and monitoring.

One of the essential responsibilities of pharmacists is to provide information and advice regarding over-the-counter (OTC) medications. This study investigates the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of community pharmacists in Karaj, Iran, concerning OTC medications.

Data collection was conducted using a researcher-made questionnaire. The questionnaire comprises four sections: Demographic information (13 questions), and questions on knowledge (6 questions), attitudes (7 questions), and practices (3 questions) of community pharmacists in providing pharmaceutical consulting services for OTC medications.

Among the 116 pharmacists who participated in this study, 59.5% were women and 40.5% were men (mean age = 41.4 years). The levels of knowledge and practice among the participants were suboptimal, as only 21 pharmacists (18.1%) achieved satisfactory scores in knowledge, and only 9 pharmacists (7.8%) demonstrated satisfactory practices. Additionally, 71 pharmacists (61.2%) received moderate scores in attitudes. A significant correlation was found between the level of knowledge and participation in training courses on OTC medications. The results also demonstrated that younger pharmacists exhibited better knowledge.

The results revealed that only a small proportion of pharmacists demonstrated satisfactory knowledge and performance regarding OTC medications. Additionally, the present study highlighted a decline in pharmacists' knowledge levels as they transitioned away from the academic environment, underscoring the necessity for improved post-graduate training programs.

Breast cancer is the leading cause of female cancer death in Iraq, where participation in screening is low despite awareness programs. Female primary care providers do promote breast cancer screening even with minimal training, time, and cultural limits. These challenges should be overcome to enhance screening and improve public health. This study was conducted with aim to examine the attitudes and behaviors of primary care female physicians regarding breast cancer screening.

This cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 female physicians in Babylon Province, Iraq, at primary care centers from November 1 to December 1, 2024. We collected the three-part questionnaire, which included socio-demographics, attitudes, and habits, through personal interviews and Google forms. A 15-doctor pilot study clarified the questions.

In this study, 69% of female primary health care physicians had a "poor to average" attitude related to breast cancer screening, with statistical significance related to their age, experience, marital status, and number of pregnancies. Younger and single physicians who tend to have fewer pregnancies and less experience and had a better attitude and practice, showing a significant correlation between positive attitudes and better screening practices. MBChB physicians had better screening attitudes than family medicine specialists, and there was a need for targeted interventions to improve attitudes and practices.

The current study found substantial differences in breast cancer screening attitudes and behaviours among female primary care providers. Younger, less experienced and single physicians and those with an MBChB had better screening attitudes. Targeted training and awareness initiatives can improve attitudes and practices.

Knowledge, attitude, practices, and concerns (KAPC) are important components for the COVID-19 vaccine. Identifying the typology of KAPC can provide health care professionals insight into ways to encourage vaccination uptake among the student population. The study pursues two specific objectives: Classification of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences students based on KAPC about the COVID-19 vaccine, determining the relationship between these patterns, and performing COVID-19 vaccine injection.

A cross-sectional study design was used to collect the data about the students’ COVID-19 vaccination and their perception of KAPC toward the COVID-19 vaccine. The analysis of data was conducted in two steps. First, we conducted a latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify subgroups of the COVID-19 vaccine KAPC patterns. Second, the associations between the typology of KAPC and vaccine injection were assessed by logistic regression analysis. Also, the scores of KAPC were compared using an analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests.

The current study showed three profiles (patterns) of the COVID-19 vaccine KAPC. These patterns included “moderate to high for KAPC” (profile 1: 70.5%), “high knowledge, attitude, practices, and low concerns” (profile 2: 25.4%), “moderate knowledge and low attitude, practices, and high concerns” (profile 3: 4.1%). Students in the three profiles differed significantly in their KAPC factors. The individuals with membership in profile 2 and profile 3 relative to profile 1 have 73% and 99% less odds of injecting the vaccine, respectively.

The patterns of KAPC have various distributions in vaccine injection. It seems that governmental authorities should take measures to improve the knowledge, attitude, and practice of the people appropriate to each profile and identify any obstacles to their promotion.

Improper medication practices and non-adherence are the biggest challenges faced by pediatricians in outpatient practice. Hence this study was aimed at determining the medication practices and factors affecting adherence. 

A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Southern India over a period of 3 months (January to March 2023), to study medication adherence and parental medication practices in pediatric patients. A pre structured questionnaire was administered to parents of 320 children. 

Majority of the parents (55%) had children aged 1-5 years of age. It was noted that most of the families (89%) were above poverty line (APL). About 34% parents were educated till graduate level and 17% were educated beyond post graduate level. Frequency of medication adherence in our study was found to be 78%. It was noted that parents with education of graduate level and above, those belonging to APL families and the ones with no fear of adverse drug reactions showed higher medication adherence as compared to other parents and this association was found to be statistically significant (p <0.001). Majority of the parents (80%) reported that their children preferred liquid formulations, of which 57% preferred fruit flavoured ones. Around 51% parents preferred twice daily dosing of medications. While 47% parents used previous prescriptions, 39% bought over the counter medicines, especially paracetamol. 

Knowledge about medication practices and factors affecting adherence is important in order to provide quality health care. Actively involving children and parents while prescribing medications with health education goes a long way in improving adherence.

Context: 

This research focuses on the impact of HIV/AIDS on transgender communities, aiming to assess their knowledge, attitudes, perceptions of risk, and practices concerning HIV/AIDS.

Evidence Acquisition: 

During this systematic review, a variety of keywords, including HIV, AIDS, knowledge, attitudes, practices, behavior, action, risk perception, perceived risk, risk susceptibility, severity perception, perceived self-efficacy, cues to action, benefit, barrier, health belief model, sexually transmitted disease, sexually transmitted infection, alcohol, drugs, amphetamine, opium, trans, transgender, transsexual, gender dysphoria were used. From Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science (ISI), and Google Scholar databases, 805 articles were initially identified and screened based on their titles, abstracts, and full texts. Exclusions were made for articles not in English and grey literature. Ultimately, 13 full-text articles met the selection criteria, adhering to COREQ and STROBE guidelines.

 The review encompassed studies involving 3,252 transgender participants. Among these, five articles evaluated knowledge levels, nearly all addressed attitudes (including perceived threats by 12 articles, perceived benefits/self-efficacy by three, and perceived barriers by seven), and 11 examined behaviors related to HIV/AIDS. The findings indicate a generally high level of knowledge about HIV/AIDS among transgender individuals, with peer health promoters playing a significant role in enhancing knowledge and facilitating access to health services. The perceived risk and severity of HIV/AIDS varied, with 52 - 82% acknowledging a perceived risk and 25 - 65% understanding the severity. The perceived benefits of HIV prevention were generally rated high, though self-efficacy in preventing HIV ranged from low to high. Barriers to HIV testing and accessing appropriate care were identified, including discrimination, distrust in health staff, lack of guidelines, and fear of test results or treatment side effects, among others. Risky sexual behaviors were common, with two-thirds engaging in such practices, 20% reporting 3 - 51 sexual partners, up to 91% having unprotected sex, around 60% using alcohol or drugs, 21 - 45% experiencing rape, and 14 - 68% being HIV-positive.

 In conclusion, the transgender community remains overlooked. Despite an adequate knowledge level and a moderate perception of HIV/AIDS risk, the prevalence of risky sexual behaviors and significant barriers to accessing health services highlight the urgent need for establishing long-term healthcare facilities and an effective surveillance system for this marginalized group.

To evaluate oncology nurses' practices about chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) in cancer patients and whether there is a correlation between the effectiveness of an interventional program on nurses' practices and their demographics. It also to determine the effectiveness of an interventional program on nursing staff's practices.

Material: 

A Quasi-experimental design study has been applied with the use of pre and post-test approach for two groups of samples (study and control). The number of nurses participant in the sample is 60, and they have been split into two groups; the control group and the study group each include 30 members. The Intervention Program was made available to the study group, but the members of the control group did not have access to the Intervention Program.

The study found that there were statistically significant at P>0.05 changes between the two groups following the implementation of the interventional program, while no such differences at P>0.05 existed before the program was implemented.

This study concluded that oncology nurses' practices regarding chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy improved after being exposed to the interventional program, indicating that the program was successful in bringing about change in the nurses' practices.

Dentists are at an increased risk of encountering cross‑infections because of working in close proximity with oral mucosa and saliva making use of high‑speed rotary instruments during treatment generating large amount of aerosols and splatter which in turn increases the probability of nosocomial spread of infections. The present study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of dentists after the COVID‑19 pandemic.

The present cross‑sectional study was conducted using Google Forms wherein a well‑structured questionnaire composed of a total of 25 closed‑ended questions was distributed among practicing dentists through online mode. Step‑wise linear regression analysis was done to determine the influence of independent variables on the knowledge, attitude, and practice scores of the participants. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

On analyzing the results, multiple linear regression analysis revealed no significant difference in the knowledge scores among the participants, while good attitude and practice scores were significantly associated with higher qualification of the participants. Another noteworthy finding in the study was the significant correlation observed between the various components of the knowledge, attitude, and practice scores among the participants (P < 0.05).

It could be concluded from the findings of the present survey that dentists were found to have good knowledge scores about the COVID‑19 pandemic. They should, however, pay more emphasis on practicing tele‑triaging and proper screening and should follow various guidelines and advisories issued from time to time by the competent authorities.

The worldwide pandemic imposed by SRAS-CoV-2 affected all aspects of daily life including those of pregnant and breastfeeding women. This work aims to explore the impact of socio-economic determinants and mental health on breastfeeding practices among a group of Moroccan women during this pandemic. This is a descriptive and observational study carried out over 6 months in a maternity hospital. Data relating to the practices and the state of stress of women were collected via an interview and a questionnaire on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Early breastfeeding and skin-to-skin practice were significantly elevated among educated women (p <0.001) and housewives (p = 0.028). Compliance with respiratory and body hygiene rules was significantly higher among women: of urban origin, educated, housewives, and those with medium or high socioeconomic levels. The study of the impact of stress on breastfeeding practices revealed a statistically significant difference in early breastfeeding (p = 0.004), compliance with respiratory and body hygiene rules (p <0.001), and skin-to-skin practice (p <0.001) between the group of normal women and the group of stressed women.Our results showed the impact of socio-economic determinants and mental health on breastfeeding practice during this pandemic. This represents a great challenge for the health system to promote breastfeeding and reduce the consequences of psychological disorders for mothers and unborn children in Morocco.

The patients’ companions need to take precautionary measures in the hospital for taking care of their patients. The relevant studies have not focused on the precautionary measures of the patients’ companions. Considering this issue, this study aimed to determine the companions' knowledge, attitude, and practice which enabled them to take the safety precautions against Covid-19 in infectious wards.

This study was a descriptive-analytical study. The researchers used convenience sampling to select 284 companions of the patients with Covid-19 in teaching hospitals in Kashan (Iran) from June to September 2021 as the participants of the study. The data collection instrument was a self-report researcher-developed questionnaire which examined the companions’ knowledge, attitude, and practice which enabled them to take care of their patients. Data analysis was performed using SPSS v16 software. The Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman's correlation tests were used to analyze the obtained data.

The results of the study showed that the companions’ level of knowledge (11.27±5.01) was weak. Nonetheless, their attitude (99.84±16.50) and practice (94.69±12.32) were moderate and acceptable. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between the companions’ familial relationship with the patient, history of participation in the Covid-19 training classes, education, and occupation and their knowledge, attitude, and practice (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between the companions’ history of being in the hospital as a companion of Covid-19 patients and the mean values of their attitude and practice (p < 0.05). Finally, on the basis of the results, there was a significant relationship between the mean values of the companions' practice and their knowledge and attitude (p < 0.05).

Companions are not provided with satisfactory education regarding precautionary measures in the hospital wards. Therefore, there is a need for the protocols which inform them about the precautionary measures in hospitals.

 A case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was identified first in Wuhan, China in December 2019. To prevent the rampant spread of COVID-19, the behavioral change of people was crucial. This study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward COVID-19 among college-degree students in the southern district of India.

 A cross-sectional, online study was conducted from January to February 2021 among 400 college-degree students. Snowball sampling technique was adopted for collecting data using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data were entered in Excel and analyzed using Epi Info version 7.2.

 Out of 400 participants, 107 (26.75%) were male and 293 (73.25%) were female. Out of all the men in the study, 107 (100%) had good knowledge regarding COVID-19 infection, whereas 276 (94.2%) of women had good and 17 (5.8%) had average knowledge (P<0.01). A total of 262 (89.4%) and 31 (10.6%) women had a positive attitude and neutral attitude toward COVID-19 infection, respectively, whereas in men, the majority (86, 80.4%) had a positive, followed by (14, 13.1%) negative and (7, 6.5%) had neutral attitude (P<0.001). All the students 400 (100%) had good practice 400 (100%) regarding COVID-19 infection.

 The male students had better knowledge about COVID-19 infection, but the positive attitude towards COVID-19 was higher among women. The practice regarding COVID-19 infection was satisfactory among all the students.

  In 2017, the Chinese government launched a pilot project in hospice care (HC), in which Shanghai was a pioneer. Healthcare provider knowledge, attitudes, and practices in hospice care (KAPHC) may facilitate or hinder HC development. To determine how to design targeted training for healthcare providers and policies to improve their KAPHC, we conducted an original study based on an indigenized KAPHC scale to (a) comprehensively measure the KAPHC baseline of healthcare providers in Shanghai and (b) explore its influencing factors.

  A cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate healthcare providers’ KAPHC with the indigenized KAPHC scale.  Descriptive analysis, linear regression, and Pearson’s (r) correlation analysis were performed to uncover providers’ KAPHC, its influencing factors, and their correlations.

The KAPHC scale proved applicable to the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the large sample of providers we surveyed. The 7027 KAPHC scaling results revealed that 42.44% of participants had HC experience and 57.49% were willing to provide HC. The mean accuracy of the responses related to knowledge was 59.30%. Scoring rates for attitudes, confidence, and self-reported practices were 74.20%, 73.96%, and 75.55%, respectively. The linear regression revealed that higher KAPHC scores were associated with experience and willingness and varied with professional specializations. The Pearson’s (r) correlation evidenced that HC practices were strongly correlated with confidence (r = 0.648, P < .001) and moderately correlated with attitudes (r = 0.463, P < .001).

  We uncovered that targeted training for enhancing healthcare provider KAPHC in Shanghai should focus on psychological and spiritual care, the management of pain and other symptoms, and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Additionally, training should be scaled up for providers with different characteristics. Meanwhile, policy should encourage providers to work enthusiastically in HC—universal high-quality HC requires well-trained, supported, and motivated providers.

This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding menstrual cups use and the factors associated with it among females of the reproductive age group in an urban setting of South Kerala.

We conducted a cross-sectional study from December 2021 to January 2022 among females of the reproductive age group. Data was entered in MS Excel and was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 26.0. The significance of association was tested using the Chi-square test. Binary logistic regression was done to predict the factors associated with knowledge levels regarding menstrual cup.

The mean age of study participants was 25.68(SD 6.64) years. Lack of knowledge (22.6%) and fear of insertion (56.2%) were the major reasons for not trying a menstrual cup.  Out of the 350 study participants, 258(73.7%) had good knowledge scores and 92(26.3%) had poor knowledge scores. Discomfort and leakage were the most important problems reported by participants.  A statistically significant association was found between younger age, educational status, socioeconomic, status, marital status of females in the reproductive age group, and knowledge about the menstrual cup.

Most of the participants (93.4%) were aware of menstrual cups. Even though two third of the participants had good knowledge regarding menstrual cups, only 15.1% have tried to use a menstrual cup. Fear of insertion was the most common concern for not trying a menstrual cup. Discomfort and leakage were the most important problems reported by participants. Younger age and higher educational qualifications were found to be independently associated with knowledge levels regarding menstrual cups.

Veterans may have improper eating behaviors and food habits. This study aimed to investigate the eating behaviors and food habits of veterans via the nutritional knowledge, attitude, and practices model in Zahedan City.

In a descriptive, cross-sectional study, 369 veterans admitted to the Veterans Foundation in Zahedan were selected. After recording demographic characteristics, we assessed participants’ eating behaviors, nutritional knowledge, attitude, and practice through a questionnaire. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS 21 software.

Most participants consumed 3 meals (51.20%), and salty foods, fried potato, eggplant and vegetables in golden form or roasting, respectively. The most intake oil was liquid as frying oils. They mostly stored raw meat and bread in plastic containers and consumed tea, coffee and watery foods in warmish form. 72.90%, 63.40%, and 19.80% of nutritional knowledge, attitude, and practices were in good status, respectively. There was a negative correlation between age and knowledge (r=-0.12, p= 0.02) and a positive correlation between family size and practice (r=0.15, p=0.01).

The veterans of the study use suitable and acceptable methods in the processing of different foods, including the use of liquid oil and stored meat. Nevertheless, they also consume salty foods and use more plastic containers. The level of their knowledge and attitude is appropriate, but the level of practice in the participants is not optimal.

Emergency Department (ED) staff are frequently faced with road traffic injury victims and also play role as various road users. This study was conducted to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practices of ED staff towards road safety at referral trauma hospitals of Tabriz.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020 in the referral trauma hospitals of Tabriz. Data were collected using a standard questionnaire. Census sampling was used to select the participants. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation test and logistic regression model were used for the data analysis using SPSS Software.

The mean score of the ED staff in traffic safety knowledge, attitude and practices was 9.73 ± 2.28 out of 15, 95.3±11.4 out of 118, and 61.3±8 out of 76, respectively. The staff’s traffic safety knowledge was associated with their attitude and practices. Moreover, the univariate logistic regression modeling results revealed that participants' traffic safety attitude (OR= 0.96 (95% CI= 0.93-0.99)) and practices (OR= 0.95 (95% CI= 0.91-0.99)) were, independently, correlated with a reduction in road traffic accidents.

The ED staff’s attitudes towards traffic safety had a positive correlation with their practices and also accident experience. Nonetheless, after adjusting the data in terms of knowledge and attitude, road traffic safety practice was not associated with participants' accident experience. It is crucial to consider road safety education in colleges to promote safety knowledge of graduate individuals which will have conspicuous results in risk reduction.

Basic infection control measures are required in India’s health‑care setting in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) to lower the prevalence of hospital‑associated infections. The aim of the present study was to assess practices followed by nurses of NICUs for nosocomial infection prevention.

From January to February 2020, a descriptive cross‑sectional study was conducted. Participants in the study were chosen by total enumeration sampling technique, i.e., 60 nurses were included in this study who working in tertiary care institutions, India. The study respondents’ knowledge and practice for nosocomial infection control strategies were assessed by using a 30‑item and 27‑item questionnaires, respectively. SPSS (version 23.0) was used to analyze the data collected.

Results showed that all nurses (100%) were females, belongs to the age group of 26–35 years (82%), hold professional qualifications (34%) in GNM as well as post basic BSc nursing, married (72%), had 1–5 years of professional experience (66%), and working in the NICUs for 1–3 years (74%). Most of nurses (55%) had never attended any session on nosocomial infection prevention. Nurses of NICUs (70%) had just a moderate degree of understanding on nosocomial infection prevention. Nurses’ practice showed good practise (60%) for nosocomial infection prevention in NICUs.

The necessity to adopt health‑care policy about nosocomial infections and execution of regular training program to upgrade and refresh nurses’ knowledge and practices regarding for nosocomial infection control measures is indicated to fill gap among knowledge and practices concerning nosocomial infection control and prevention.

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic has far been the biggest global health threat of the 21st century. Protective measures are still one of the most effective methods for controlling COVID-19. Practicing hygiene and control measures are largely influenced by knowledge and attitude towards COVID-19. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of Iranians towards COVID-19 as well as the demographic factors related to it in April and May, 2020. The study population in this cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical, and web-based study included 3736 Iranian individuals who were collected via convenience sampling method. A validated Iranian knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) Questionnaire about COVID-19 was used for collecting the required data. Ordinal multivariate generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were applied to analyze data. The majority of participants (88.1%) had considerable knowledge, the right attitude (91%), and good practices (90.3%). In the multivariate models, factors related to greater knowledge were age > 20 years (P < 0.001), living in the urban area (P = 0.030), holding a master’s or doctoral degree (P = 0.044), and a moderate financial status (P = 0.001). Females displayed mor positive attitude (P = 0.035). Variables related to more favorable practices were age > 20 years (P < 0.001), and having a good (P = 0.003) or moderate (P = 0.038) financial status. It was concluded that the participants had good knowledge and a positive attitude, as well as adopted sound practices regarding COVID-19. However, this conclusion might not have been generalizable to entire Iranian community; therefore, it was recommended that preventive measures against COVID-19 should receive continued monitoring and emphasis.

About one third of all new HIV infections are estimated to occur among young people globally. In recent years, the increasing age of marriage in Iran has caused increasing risky behaviors in the young population. According to evidence, risk perception toward acquiring HIV is an important factor for risky behaviors.

This study was conducted to detect the concern toward HIV acquisition among Iranian youths.
Evidence Acquisition:In this systematic review, the knowledge, attitudes, threat perception, and practices of youths toward HIV/AIDS were assessed through searching such databases as the Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus. Quality assessment was done using STROBE and PRISMA-P checklists. A total of 1,036 articles were initially found, of which 28 articles were analyzed.

The youths’ knowledge about HIV/AIDS varied from low to moderate, their attitude was generally negative, perceived risk susceptibility was low, and risk perception ranged from 6.5 to 60%. Premarital sexual relationships were reported by 8 - 50% of the youths, while the rate of both condom use and consistent condom use was less than 50%.

The current situation is worrisome and needs serious practical measurements. Therefore, urgent and multifactorial interventions such as establishment of youths’ sexual reproductive health services and its integration into the current primary health care system across the country are needed.

Food-borne diseases are important globally because they cause significant death and treatment costs in the world. In this study, the researchers used a validated and trusted questionnaire to carry out this cross-sectional study of 384 women from Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran, recruited through stratified random selection. The main objective of the study was to examine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of women (KAP) in Ahvaz, which played the main role in the preparation of food at home. Women exhibited a high level of KAP when it came to the most significant variables linked with food poisoning. The attitudes and practices of women, as well as their knowledge, were linked. Our findings revealed that the women in Ahvaz had a high degree of knowledge about how to protect themselves from food-borne illnesses; Some practices, however, posed a risk to food safety. More knowledge and training about the risks of consuming raw or semi-processed foods are required.