restriction fragment length

Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) is an emergent or re-emergent zoonosis and remains a public health and economic problem all over the world.

 The present study was carried on the prevalence and genotypes of Echinococcus present in small ruminants in Kashmir valley. A total of 2100, sheep (2052) and goats (48), slaughtered or spontaneously dead, from various areas of Kashmir valley were screened for the presence of hydatidosis. In case of goat none of the cases were found positive for hydatidosis, whereas, all the positive cases (85) were recorded in sheep only. The overall prevalence of hydatidosis was 4.04%. The prevalence was higher in female sheep (5.46%) compared to males (2.83%). Season-wise highest prevalence was in summer (4.55%), followed by autumn (4.1%), spring (3.89%) and winter (2.5%).The liver was observed to be the most frequently infected organ with relative prevalence of 61.17% followed by lungs (38.82%).The rDNA-ITS1 fragment of positive samples was amplified with BD1 / 4S primers.

The length of amplified fragment for all isolated samples was 1000bps. The products obtained on PCR were digested with four restriction enzymes (Rsa 1, Alu 1, Msp 1 and Taq1). Rsa 1, Alu 1, Msp 1 yielded identical fragments, 300 and 700 bp in sheep. TaqI restriction enzyme had no effect on PCR product and after digestion; intact 1000bps fragment was seen.

Phylogenetic analysis of ITS1 gene revealed that the common sheep strain (G1) is the predominant genotype in sheep in Kashmir valley.

Breast cancer is one of the most frequent women malignancies in the world. The cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) is a key enzyme in xenobiotics metabolism. Moreover, CYP1A1 plays a critical role in the etiology of breast cancer by involving in 2‑hydroxylation of estrogen. Therefore, single‑nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of its coding gene have been verifed to be important in cancer susceptibility. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association of CYP1A1 M2 (A2455G) includes rs1048943 of this SNP polymorphism with the risk of breast cancer in Mazandaran province. Ninety‑six breast cancer patients with known clinicopathological
characters and 110 healthy women as control were genotyped for CYP1A1 M2 polymorphisms by the restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. The analysis of CYP1A1 gene (polymorphism M2) showed that the frequency of homozygous wild genotypes (AA), heterozygous (AG), and mutant genotype (GG) in the patient group, respectively, 78%, 22%, and 0%, and also the frequency of genotypes AA, AG, and GG in healthy included 82%, 16%, and 2%, respectively. Statistical analysis by Logistic regression model at P < 0.05 showed no
signifcant correlation between polymorphisms in CYP1A1M2 and breast cancer risk (odds ratio = 0.84, confdence interval = 0.33–2.17). The results indicated that the M2 allelic genotypes were signifcantly associated neither with breast cancer risk nor with clinicopathological characteristics in Mazandaran province.

Stroke is a multifactorial disorder and a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. There are growing numbers of candidate gene pathways which are thought to be associated with stroke. Genes involved in lipid metabolism are important issues in stroke studies. Studying different polymorphisms in these genes are becoming an interest for researchers. 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (ALOX5AP) is one of these genes. Different studies have provided different relations between ALOX5AP promoter polymorphism (rs17222919) and stroke. In the present study, we have evaluated this gene polymorphism in a population in north east of Iran.

This case-control study took place in Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad, Iran. Patients with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmation for ischemic stroke were enrolled in this study and considered as case group. Healthy persons without ischemic stroke were control group. During
1-year period of this study, ALOX5AP gene polymorphism in 200 healthy patients (control group) as well as 228 patients with stroke (case group) was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).

All of 428 persons (228 cases and 200 healthy controls) enrolled in this study. The genotype and allele frequency was significantly different between both groups (P = 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). A total number of 54 patients had G allele in case group in contrast to 27 ones in control group. Also, 174 patients in case group had T allele and 173 persons had this allele in control group. In compression of TT genotype, the risk of developing stroke in GG and TG genotypes increased by 3.998 and 1.643, respectively. Also the risk of ischemic stroke with G allele would increase by 2.128.

According to our results, ALOX5AP promoter polymorphism (rs17222919) is related to increased ischemic stroke in Iranian population.

Human migration can transmit infectious disease like tuberculosis (TB) to recipient countries. The IS6110 is an insertion sequence used for strain differentiation of mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), epidemiological studies, and recent transmission. In this study, our aim was to investigate transmission TB from the Republic of Azerbaijan to Iran people.
Totally 119 isolates of MTB were collected from 14 patients from Republic of Azerbaijan and 105 patients from East Azerbaijan, Iran who referred to TB centers of the province. Isolates were analyzed by IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing. Isolates with identical RFLP patterns were considered a cluster.
93 distinct IS6110-RFLP patterns were revealed. 81 of these patterns were unique, and 12 were shared by 2-8 strains. 38 strains (31.9%) belonged to one of 12 clusters that were found among the total of 119 strains. One of these 12 clusters contained two Iranian patients with one Azeri patient.
Finding of the present study indicates that Azeri TB patients refer to TB centers of the province for treatment can transmit TB to East Azerbaijan people. Therefore, it needs to design a suitable program for TB control and decrease transmission of TB between these two countries.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is the most common cause of death worldwide. MEF2A directly regulates target genes in the process of muscle development. This gene product is a transcription factor. MEF2A protein in homodimer or heterodimer forms binds to A/T-rich cis elements with conserved sequence in promoter, regulator, and enhancer of many genes, which are determining in evolution and development of skeletal, heart, and smooth muscle cells, especially endothelial cells. In fact, this protein maximizes the activity of these elements. The two MEF2A gene polymorphisms that were proposed to have an association with CAD are rs34851361 (A/G) and rs325400 (T/G) SNPs. This study aimed to examine these associations.Patients and This study was a molecular case-control study. Blood samples were collected from 300 patients with CAD and 150 healthy people from Golestan and Imam Khomeini Hospitals, Ahvaz, Iran. In both groups, angiography had confirmed the presence or lack of stenosis. Association of rs34851361 and rs325400 with CAD was evaluated by PCR and then restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was performed. Chi square test showed no association between rs34851361 SNP and CAD (χ2 = 3.59, df = 2, and P = 0.16); however, there was an association between rs325400 SNP and CAD (χ2 = 24.77, df = 2, and P < 0.001). A/T haplotype showed association with CAD and G/G and G/T showed protective effect against CAD. The results of this study show that rs325400 polymorphism is in association with CAD; meanwhile, none of the rs34851361 genotypes was associated with CAD.

In the past two decades, the incidence of fungal infections has significantly increased worldwide. Despite treatment with a broad range of antifungal agents, nosocomial candidemia is associated with high mortality rates and resistance to antifungal agents is becoming increasingly prevalent in Candida species. Therefore, detection and identification of pathogens at the species level and antifungal susceptibility testing are essential to select the appropriate antifungal therapy. The incidence of candidemia and the antifungal susceptibility patterns of the associated strains have not been extensively studied in Iran.. The current study aimed to assess the microbial epidemiology of candidemia and the antifungal susceptibility profiles of Candida isolates..Patients and Out of 5141 blood culture specimens analyzed in Iran, 48 specimens from 32 patients were yeast-positive. The isolates were precisely identified at the species level using the well-established phenotypic polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The yeasts were also tested for antifungal susceptibility to fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, voriconazole, and caspofungin using the broth microdilution method.. Candida parapsilosis (C. parapsilosis) was the most common yeast pathogen isolated (34.4%), followed by Candida glabrata (C. glabrata) (28.1%), Candida albicans (C. albicans) (25%), Candida tropicalis (C. tropicalis) (9.4%), and Candida kefyr (C. kefyr) (3.1%). Candida glabrata was isolated more often in elderly patients (> 60 years old).. The results of antifungal susceptibility tests demonstrated that voriconazole was the most active drug against Candida isolates. Candida albicans is the most common yeast isolated from human blood world-wide; the unexpectedly higher rate of C. parapsilosis isolated in this study necessitates more studies with larger sample sizes in Iran..