جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Emerging » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Context: 

Dengue fever has been reported in 129 countries worldwide, including 100 countries in the Mediterranean region, South America, and Southeast Asia. It results in approximately 40,000 deaths each year, and there have been significant outbreaks of dengue fever in these areas in recent years. Approximately 50% of the global population is presently susceptible to acquiring the dengue virus, which is classified as an emerging and re-emerging ailment that is likely to impact several nations in the foreseeable future.

Evidence Acquisition: 

Despite the significant harm inflicted upon human health and the economic conditions of countries in recent years, dengue continues to be classified as a neglected disease, without the requisite attention and concerted efforts by countries to effectively manage it. Any actions taken in this domain are inherently constrained. Consequently, due to the significance of dengue fever, this study aims to comprehensively examine this matter.

The disease used to be effectively managed in regions like the countries of the American continent and Singapore, but it has made a resurgence. Between 2008 and 2010, the number of cases in the regions of America, Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific rose from 0.2 million to 2.2 million. These reports exclusively consist of officially documented sick cases. Multiple outbreaks have been documented in Asia, encompassing countries such as China, Pakistan, Taiwan, and Malaysia, as well as in South America, including Brazil and Mexico. Dengue fever cases have been documented in several Middle Eastern nations, including Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and southern Iran. Local transmission of the disease has begun in Europe, with France and Croatia reporting cases of local transmission. Annually, a minimum of 500,000 individuals experience serious illnesses requiring hospitalization. Approximately 2.5% of individuals who contract the condition die from it. Every year, numerous severe cases of dengue fever are documented, resulting in at least 20,000 deaths.

Dengue fever is a complex systemic disease. Assessing the complete range of the disease burden of dengue fever will be crucial to properly comprehend the serious medical and economic repercussions it has on patients and the general public.

For centuries, arboviruses have been spreading like a wildfire across the world, especially in developing countries like Nigeria with inadequate diagnostic and disease surveillance facilities, causing infinite death and suffering in human and animal populations. Therefore, this study aimed to discuss the impact of arboviruses on public health with a focus on Nigeria and West Africa.

About 100 research articles were downloaded from online journal databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and African Journals OnLine (AJOL) with the following keywords: arboviruses, emerging, public health importance, Nigeria, and Africa.

A total of 50 articles were used to write this review after a thorough screening. Arboviral infections caused by yellow fever, Rift Valley fever, West Nile, dengue, and chikungunya viruses were reported in Nigeria and discovered based on seroprevalence studies.

Hemorrhagic fever, abortion, neonatal death, and decreased production in livestock are the most obvious features of arboviral infections; therefore, they are of public health and economic importance. Thus, there is a need to strengthen and refurbish the healthcare system in the country by employing preventive and control measures, vaccination campaigns, and other strategies to prevent the occurrence of diseases in the future.

Diclofenac is one of the drug compounds that is known as an emerging contaminant in aqueous solutions. Studies have shown that biological treatment is not sufficient to treat these compounds and new methods such as adsorption should be used to prevent contamination of aquatic environments. One of the native absorbers in this regard is the pumice. This study aimed to investigate the removal of diclofenac from aqueous solutions using magnesium chloride modified pumice.

In this experimental study, with a practical approach, the required adsorbent was prepared from pumice. Magnesium chloride was used for pumice modification. The experiments were performed in a closed system at laboratory temperature. In this study, the effect of variables, adsorbent dose, contact time, and pH on diclofenac removal was investigated. Diclofenac was analyzed by KNAUER model HPLC at a wavelength of 254 nm.

Modified pumice by magnesium chloride was able to remove 95.83% of diclofenac (20 mg/l) at a concentration=1 g/l for 15 minutes at pH=5. Comparison of modified and natural pumice performance in 5, 10, 15, 30, 40 minutes with an average of 89.52% of modified pumice removal, compared to 48.15% of natural pumice removal, which was 1.86 times more efficient.

Pumice can be used as a cheap, available, and highly effective adsorbent for the removal of diclofenac from aqueous solutions.

There are significant misconceptions and many obstacles in the way of illuminating the epidemiological andclinical aspects of COVID-19 as a new emerging epidemic. In addition, usefulness of some evidence publishedin the context of the recent epidemic for decision making in clinic as well as public health is questionable. How-ever, misinterpreting or ignoring strong evidence in clinical practice and public health probably results in lesseffective and somehow more harmful decisions for individuals as well as subgroups in general populations ofcountries in the initial stages of this epidemic. Accordingly, our narrative review appraised epidemiological andclinical aspects of the disease including genetic diversity of coronavirus genus, mode of transmission, incuba-tion period, infectivity, pathogenicity, virulence, immunogenicity, diagnosis, surveillance, clinical case manage-ment and also successful measures for preventing its spread in some communities.

Since the mid-19th century, human activities have increased greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide in the Earth's atmosphere that resulted in increased average temperature. The effects of rising temperature include soil degradation, loss of productivity of agricultural land, desertification, loss of biodiversity, degradation of ecosystems, reduced fresh-water resources, acidification of the oceans, and the disruption and depletion of stratospheric ozone. All these have an impact on human health, causing non-communicable diseases such as injuries during natural disasters, malnutrition during famine, and increased mortality during heat waves due to complications in chronically ill patients. Direct exposure to natural disasters has also an impact on mental health and, although too complex to be quantified, a link has even been established between climate and civil violence. Over time, climate change can reduce agricultural resources through reduced availability of water, alterations and shrinking arable land, increased pollution, accumulation of toxic substances in the food chain, and creation of habitats suitable to the transmission of human and animal pathogens. People living in low-income countries are particularly vulnerable. Climate change scenarios include a change in distribution of infectious diseases with warming and changes in outbreaks associated with weather extreme events. After floods, increased cases of leptospirosis, campylobacter infections and cryptosporidiosis are reported. Global warming affects water heating, rising the transmission of water-borne pathogens. Pathogens transmitted by vectors are particularly sensitive to climate change because they spend a good part of their life cycle in a cold-blooded host invertebrate whose temperature is similar to the environment. A warmer climate presents more favorable conditions for the survival and the completion of the life cycle of the vector, going as far as to speed it up as in the case of mosquitoes. Diseases transmitted by mosquitoes include some of the most widespread worldwide illnesses such as malaria and viral diseases. Tick-borne diseases have increased in the past years in cold regions, because rising temperatures accelerate the cycle of development, the production of eggs, and the density and distribution of the tick population. The areas of presence of ticks and diseases that they can transmit have increased, both in terms of geographical extension than in altitude. In the next years the engagement of the health sector would be working to develop prevention and adaptation programs in order to reduce the costs and burden of climate change.

Context: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a fatal viral disease which has 30% to 80% mortality rate. In endemic areas, livestock handlers, skin processors, veterinary staff, livestock market employees, farmers, and health care staff are at risk. Diagnosis is made based on clinical manifestations, epidemiologic factors, and laboratory tests. Here, we reviewed the epidemiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment, and the prophylaxis of CCHF..Evidence Acquisition: We searched electronic databases (PubMed and Scopus) from January 1980 to May 2014. Key words including CCHF, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, treatment, and prevention routes were searched.. CCHF is widely distributed in different countries worldwide and is also endemic in our country, Iran. Treatment is mainly supportive; however, if the patient is suspected to have CCHF, ribavirin therapy is needed immediately. High dose methylprednisolone, interferon, and intraveonus immunoglobulin (IVIG) are other treatment protocols. Postexposure prophylaxis should be considered potentially in people who were exposed to CCHF virus, such as those who have mucous membrane contact or percutaneous injuries in contact with body secretions or blood of infected animal or patients with CCHF.. CCHF is a fatal viral disease. Therefore, preexposure and postexposure prophylaxis should be potentially considered to decrease the rate of infection..