جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Cervical cancer global burden is highly skewed towards poor countries primarily due to lack of awareness, poor screening, and low uptake of prophylactic vaccines. The purpose of our study is to educate and raise awareness among young girls and women about the importance of cervical screening and HPV vaccination.

The present study, conducted from January 2023 to December 2023, focused on students, teachers, housewives, and healthcare professionals in the Jammu region to assess their awareness of cervical cancer and the HPV vac- cine. HPV DNA testing was carried out using the Truenat Real-Time PCR method at Swastik Diagnostic Laboratory, Jammu.

Knowledge of cervical cancer, awareness of the HPV virus, and the vaccination status of women were assessed in survey. In the HPV screening test, out of 2,400 women, 106 tested positive for HPV. Among these 106 women, 19% had a high viral load (Ct < 20), 11% had a low viral load (25 ≤ Ct < 30), indicating a low relative concentration of HPV viruses, 40% had a medium viral load (20 ≤ Ct < 25), and 30% had very low viral loads (Ct ≥ 30).

These findings highlight the importance of routine cervical screenings, such as Pap smears and HPV tests, for the early detection of cervical cancer. There is an urgent need to implement cervical cancer screening and vaccination pro- grams in the Jammu region.

Breast cancer is the most lethal malignancy in women. miRNAs function as epigenetic regulators and contribute to the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) and 3 (NFATc3), are targeted by microRNA-93 (miR-93). This study aims to evaluate the expression of these genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy women and women with breast cancer.

In this cross-sectional study, blood samples were collected from 20 healthy women and 20 women with early-stage breast cancer. After isolating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were performed. The expression of the desired genes was then examined by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Statistical analysis was conducted. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and Student's t-test was used to evaluate the relative changes in gene expression.

The results demonstrated that the expression of NFATc1 and NFATc3 genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of breast cancer patients was significantly reduced compared to their expression in healthy individuals. Conversely, the expression of the miR-93-3p gene was significantly lower in healthy women than in breast cancer patients (p < 0.05).

This study investigated the expression of miR-93-3p and its downstream targets, the NFATc1 and NFATc3 genes, for the first time in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The expression levels were shown to be significantly different in patients with breast cancer compared to healthy women.

Industrial radiography uses gamma or X-ray radionuclide sources to investigate the safety of industrial materials. Industrial radiation workers receive the highest occupational radiation doses.
The present study investigates the relationship between Bax and Bcl-2 gene expression variables in industrial radiation workers.
In this case-control study, data was collected using blood sampling from 40 workers, including two groups of non-radiation and radiation workers employed at the location. Expression levels of Bax and Bcl-2 genes were assessed in the laboratory. The environmental and absorbed doses of workers were measured using environmental and pen dosimeters.
Statistical analysis showed that the radiation group’s Bcl-2 gene expression level was significantly higher. Findings also demonstrated a correlation between Bcl-2 gene expression and the number of workdays. Also, the Bax gene expression did not show a significant change, and the expression ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 was insignificant in the two groups. 
Exposure to low doses of radiation could promote an adaptive response in cells by increasing Bcl-2 gene expression.

Despite the advances in treatment, breast cancer (BC) remains a major cause of death in women. Thisstudy aims to evaluate the prognostic significance of detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and disseminated tumorcells (DTCs) in paired peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) samples obtained both before and after adjuvantchemotherapy from patients with operable BC. In this experimental study, from 160 patients with primary BC, we collected 160 PB and BM samplesbefore and we could be able to collect PB and BM samples from 100 of them after adjuvant chemotherapy. The expressionlevel of cytokeratin 19 (CK19), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), mammaglobin 1 (MGB1), mucin 2 (MUC2) and trefoil factor1 (TFF1) mRNAs in the PB/BM samples were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Multivariate Cox regression analyses indicated that the detection of CK19 mRNA-positive CTCs/DTCs eitherbefore or after adjuvant chemotherapy was an independent factor for prognosis associated with decreased diseasefreesurvival (DFS). Patients with tumor cells detected in both PB and BM and patients with persistent detection oftumor cells before and after chemotherapy had worse outcomes compared to those with tumor cells detected in one orneither of the compartments. This study suggests that the detection of CK19 mRNA-positive CTCs/DTCs either before or after adjuvantchemotherapy could be an independent predictor of DFS in operable BC patients.

Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (Cr-KPN) poses a significant global public health challenge.

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and expression levels of carbapenemase-encoding genes in Cr-KPN isolated from patients admitted to teaching hospitals in Shiraz, Iran.

A total of 671 distinct clinical samples were collected from two teaching hospitals in Shiraz. Initial identification and final confirmation of K. pneumoniae isolates were carried out using conventional biochemical tests and PCR assays, respectively. The detection of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae, both phenotypically and genotypically, was performed through modified carbapenem inactivation methods (mCIM) and multiplex PCR assays. Real-time PCR was utilized to assess the expression levels of carbapenemase-encoding genes.

The overall frequency of K. pneumoniae strains was 14.9% (n = 100/671). mCIM indicated that 26% of K. pneumoniae isolates exhibited carbapenemase production. Furthermore, 24% and 17% of K. pneumoniae isolates demonstrated resistance to imipenem and meropenem, respectively. The blaIMI/IMP gene was detected in 91% of the isolates. Among imipenem-resistant isolates, 62.5% tested positive for the blaOXA-48 gene. Additionally, 29.4%, 76.5%, and 11.8% of meropenem-resistant isolates were positive for the blaKPC, blaOXA-48, and blaNDM genes, respectively. Real-time PCR analysis revealed increased expression levels of blaKPC (1.66-fold), blaOXA-48 (7.30-fold), blaNDM (4.22-fold), and blaIMI/NMC (2.39-fold) genes in resistant isolates when exposed to imipenem.

These findings underscore the significance of establishing active surveillance networks to monitor and track the dissemination of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae, which presents a global public health threat.

This study aimed to compare the diagnostic efficacy of standard culture method with multiplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in examining cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected from patients with suspected meningitis.

A retrospective evaluation was conducted on 166 patients with suspected meningitis, who were treated in Vali-Asr hospital in Birjand, Iran between 2011 and 2020. Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis was based on CSF culture and multiplex qPCR results.

Among 166 patients, conventional methods identified causative pathogens in only 10.3% of cases, while multiplex qPCR detected pathogens in eight out of 25 culture-negative cases as well. The most common pathogens identified were enterovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Multiplex qPCR appears to be a more effective method than conventional culture in identifying bacterial and viral pathogens that most commonly cause meningitis. The incorporation of qPCR as a routine diagnostic method for meningitis in clinical practice could significantly enhance clinical decision-making and patient care.

Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Human bocavirus (HBoV), a recently isolated virus, has been investigated for its role in many respiratory and enteric diseases. Few studies have reported its presence in solid tumors, such as lung and colon cancers. The aim of this study was to detect the presence of the HBoV1 genome in gastric adenocarcinoma, which has not yet been evaluated.

Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks of 189 gastric tumors and 50 blocks of non-tumor gastric tissue products from elective weight reduction operations were collected. DNA extraction and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed for HBoV1 detection. DNA sequencing was performed using ABI Genetic Analyzer series 3500.

The mean age of the patients was 60 ± 13.33 years. Tumors were more common in males than females (2.5/1). HBoV1 PCR was positive in 34 (18%) cases of GC and 10 (20%) cases of chronic gastritis (P > 0.05). There was no association between age, sex, stage, and histologic subtype of the tumor and HBoV1 positivity (P > 0.05) in tumor samples. The rate of intestinal metaplasia and presence of lymphoid stroma were also not more frequent in HBoV1-positive tumors (P > 0.05).

The HBoV1 can be detected in a relatively high proportion of Iranian patients with gastric cancer (18%) with no predilection for specific subtypes and no association with the degree of lymphocytic infiltration. HBoV1 can also be observed in approximately 20% of chronic gastritis cases. Further comprehensive studies are needed to elucidate the role of HBoV1 in gastric cancer development.

The lactobacilli are abundant in honey, helping protect against pathogens and providing antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to isolate lactobacillus species from different honey regions and evaluate their potential probiotic properties.

Eighty-eight samples were collected from different regions, including the northern, central, and southern areas, and obtained through retail stores. All samples were independently examined for the presence of Lactoba- cillus using both culture and real-time PCR methods. Probiotic tests were performed on the isolated Lactobacillus strains, including hemolytic activity, bile, acid, and pepsin resistance. Additionally, the antibiotic resistance of the obtained strains was investigated using seven different antibiotics.

Thirteen Lactobacillus isolates were obtained from 7 (8.0%) honey samples. Of these, eight isolates were identified as L. plantarum (61.54%), four isolates as L. rhamnosus (30.77%), and one isolate as L. acidophilus (7.69%). All strains were devoid of hemolytic activity, and three isolates (23.07%) were found to be resistant to acid, while 2 (15.38%) showed resistance to bile and pepsin. All isolates were resistant to vancomycin (100%). Additionally, only one strain exhibited resis- tance to all tested antibiotics. Furthermore, the present study demonstrates a significant association (p-value<0.05) between the presence of Lactobacillus in various regions of Iran.

Various factors, such as climatic conditions and geographical location, can influence honey's composition and microbial diversity. Identifying and isolating potential probiotic species in honey could significantly expand their use in the food and pharmaceutical industries, offering numerous health benefits and potential therapeutic applications.

K-Ras mutations rarely occur in breast cancer. However, studies have supported that K-Ras upregulation is involved in breast cancer pathogenesis. Two main K-Ras transcript variants, K-Ras4A and K-Ras4B, arise originate from the alternative splicing of exon 4. In this study, we aimed to evaluate variations in the expression of K-Ras4A and K-Ras4B and their role in breast ductal carcinoma.

Total RNA was extracted from breast tumors, and the NATs were obtained via mastectomy. Patients were selected from new cases of breast cancer with no prior history of chemotherapy. Relative mRNA expression was calculated based on a pairwise comparison between the tumors and the NATs following normalization to the internal control gene. Predictive values of the transcript variants were examined by ROC curve analysis.

A statistically significant increase was found in K-Ras4A and K-Ras4B expression with the mean fold changes of 7.58 (p = 0.01) and 2.47 (p = 0.001), respectively. The K-Ras4A/K-Ras4B ratio was lower in the tumors than that of the normal tissues. ROC curve analysis revealed the potential of K-Ras4A (AUC: 0.769) and K-Ras4B (AUC: 0.688) in breast cancer prediction. There was also a significant association between K-Ras4B expression and HER2 statues (p = 0.04). Furthermore, a significant link was detected between K-Ras4A expression and pathological prognostic stages (p = 0.04).

Our findings reveal that the expression levels of K-Ras4A and
K-Ras4B is higher in the tumor compared to the normal breast tissues. Increase in K-Ras4A expression was more significant than that of K-Ras4B.

Statement of the Problem:

 Camelia Sinenis or green tea (GT) and Teucrium polium (TP) are known to have a great antimicrobial potential on salivary Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans).Their efficacy should be examined compared to the gold standard antimicrobial agents.

To evaluate the effects of Camelia Sinenis or green tea (GT) and Teucrium polium (TP) extracts in comparison with chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) on salivary S. mutans levels.

This double-blinded randomized clinical trial study was conducted on 90 preschool children aged 4 to 6 years and assigned randomly (simple randomization) to three groups as GT, TP, and CHG. Unstimulated saliva samples were then collected in three times as before application of agents, after half an hour, and after one week. To determine S. mutans levels, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique was additionally utilized. Statistical analysis was also fulfilled using Shapiro-Wilk test, Friedman test, Chi-square test, paired sample t-test, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Mann-Whitney U test at a significance level of 0.05.

The results of this study established a significant difference between mean salivary S. mutans levels after administration of the three compounds. Although the mean of S. mutans levels reduced significantly following the application of CHG and TP after half an hour, the mean salivary S. mutans levels in the group receiving GT declined in a significant manner only one week later (p< 0.05).

The results of this study indicated that GT and TP extracts had considerable effects on salivary S. mutans levels compared with CHG.

Inflammatory bowel disease is a group of conditions of the intestine. The gut microbiota is an important factor in the pathogenesis of IBD. Due to a link between the gut microbiota and IBD, studying microbiota changes using an accurate, sensitive and rapid method for rapid detection of the disease seems necessary. This study aimed to compare the composition of gut microbiota in three groups of people, including IBD patients, CIBD, and healthy groups.

For this study, 45 stool samples (15 from each group) were collected. Using real-time PCR, the abundance of 11 bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences was examined.

In the IBD group, the number of three bacterial phyla, including Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes, decreased, while the population of γ-Proteobacteria increased significantly. In the CIBD group, the number of Actinobacteria enhanced, but that of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes decreased.

Finding of this study indicate that decrease of Firmicutes and increase of γ-Proteobacteria could be used as an indicator of IBD instead of employing invasive and costly detection methods such as colonoscopy and other tests.

Prostatitis affects about 16% of men in their lifetime and sometimes leading to prostate cancer. Bacterial infections are the most common causes of prostatitis. Diagnosis of the causative agents of bacterial prostate infections plays an essential role in timely treating and preventing secondary complications. This study isolated bacterial infectious agents in patients’ surgical prostate and evaluated them by routine and molecular microbiological methods.

In this cross-sectional study, 72 prostate biopsy specimens were collected from the Orology Departmen of hospitals of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. All samples were cultured in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Antibiotic susceptibility test by Kirby-Bauer standard method was performed for all isolated bacteria. In addition, all isolated bacteria were identified using 16S rDNA PCR and sanger sequencing methods. Also, TaqMan real-time PCR was applied to detect Ureaplasm aurealyticum, Mycoplasma hominins, and Mycoplasma genitalium.

In conventional culture method, out of 18 positive samples, 15 samples (83.3%) were Gram-negative bacteria and 3 samples (16.6%) were Gram-positive bacteria, containing Escherichia coli (55.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.1%), Enterobacter cloacae (5.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.1%), Staphylococcus aureus (11.1%), and Enterococcus faecalis (5.5%). The results of molecular identification methods were the same as conventional culture results. Also, four patients were Ureaplasm aurealyticum, and three patients were positive for Mycoplasma hominis.

Most bacteria isolated from prostate specimens belonged to the Enterobacteriaceae family, especially Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae. Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis were cocci isolated in the specimens too. Also, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Mycoplasma hominis were identified in prostatitis.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Micro RNAs have emerged as a biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate miR-191, miR-22, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mRNA in peripheral blood and tissues of patients with breast cancer.

A number of 100 peripheral blood samples (50 patient blood samples and 50 healthy blood samples) were collected. Also, 100 tissue samples were simultaneously collected from affected patients by a specialist including 50 samples from the center of the tumor and 50 samples from the side tissues of tumors. Immediately, RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were performed and polymerase chain reaction (real-time polymerase chain reaction) was performed.

The data obtained from the present study showed that the blood and tissue levels of miR-191 and EGFR mRNA were significantly increased in breast cancer samples compared to the group of healthy samples and the blood and tissue levels of miR-22 were significantly decreased in breast cancer samples compared to the group of healthy samples. The miR-191 was increased in patients compared to normal individuals up to 2.3 (blood) and 2.16 (tissue) times, respectively. The miR-22 was decreased in patients compared to normal individuals up to 1.46 (blood) and 1.28 (tissue) times, respectively. Also, EGFR expression was increased in patients compared to normal individuals up to 70.2 (blood) and 24.2 (tissue) times, respectively. The present study can play role in determining the prognosis of breast cancer and in obtaining molecular diagnostic biomarkers in peripheral blood and tissues of patients with breast cancer.

This study aimed to detect SARS-CoV-2 in conjunctival samples of COVID-19 patients to investigate the transmission route of COVID-19 and its correlation with laboratory indexes.

In this cross-sectional study, 44 COVID-19 patients were tested for conjunctival PCR in Ayatollah Rouhani hospital of Babol, Iran, in January and February 2021. The conjunctival samples were collected using a conjunctival swab and suspended in a viral transport medium. After RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, real-time PCR was performed to investigate the SARS-CoV-2 genome in samples. The ocular manifestations and laboratory indexes were evaluated for all patients.

Among 44 COVID-19 patients, 6 samples (13.63%) were positive in terms of conjunctival PCR. The mean ± SD age of conjunctival PCR-positive patients was 76.17 ± 16.61-year-old, while conjunctival PCR-negative COVID-19 patients were aged 57.54 ± 13.61-year-old (p <0.05). D-dimer serum level is significantly higher in conjunctival PCR-positive COVID-19 patients (4001.00 ± 3043.36 µg/ml) compared to normal individuals (496.80 ± 805.92 µg/ml, p <0.01).

Our study showed that the conjunctiva and tear contain the SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients as a possible transmission route.

The entire globe is undergoing an unprecedented challenge of COVID-19. Considering the need of rapid and accurate diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2, this study was planned to evaluate the cost effective extraction free RT-PCR technique in comparison to the standard VTM based RT-qPCR method.

Paired swabs from nasopharynx and oropharynx were collected for SARS-CoV-2 testing, from 211 adult patients (≥18 years) in VTM and plain sterile tubes (dry swabs). These samples were processed and RT-qPCR was carried out as per standard protocols.

54.5% of the patients were females and 45.5% were males with sex ratio 1:1.19 (M: F). 38.86% were symptomatic, of which fever (86.59%), cough (79.23%) and breathlessness (46.34%) were the most common symptoms. The positivity by VTM based method and index method was 31.27% and 13.27% respectively. Of the 27 inconclusive results from index method, 37.04% were positive, 48.15% were negative by VTM based method. However, in 40 inconclusive results by VTM based method, 90% were negative and rest remained inconclusive by index method. The sensitivity and specificity of the index method were 39.39% and 85.71% respectively. The overall agreement between VTM based method and index method was 49.59% with estimated Kappa value of 0.19.

VTM based method showed higher sensitivity compared to the index method. The higher positivity by VTM based method, suggests that VTM based method could plausibly be a better detection method of SARS-CoV-2. Still, the index method might add value in a resource limited setups for detection of SARS-CoV-2.

Exposure to high-dose ionizing radiation is known as a human carcinogen factor, but our information about the effects of low-dose ionizing radiation such as occupational exposures is limited. The main concern of scientific community is biological consequences due to low-dose radiations. This study aims to evaluate the effects of low-dose γ-radiation on expression changes of apoptotic genes (bax and bcl-2) in the rat peripheral blood lymphocytes. In this experimental study, 42 adult male rats were classified into 6 groups, which was exposed to various doses values ranged from 20 mGy to 1000 mGy by γ-rays from a Co-60 source. Blood samples were provided for analysis of gene expression 24 h after gamma radiation by relative quantitative Reverse Transcription - Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Radiation sensitivity of rat lymphocytes was measured by the bax/bcl-2 ratio as a predictive marker for radio-sensitivity. The results of this study showed that low dose of gamma radiation can induce down-regulation of bax in rat peripheral blood lymphocytes. Despite other mechanisms of cellular radio-protection, changes in expression of these apoptotic genes can be the primary pathway in responses of the lymphocytes radio-protection to the exposure. Our study revealed a significant decrease in the bax/bcl-2 ratio at 50 mGy dose compare to control and the other irradiated groups (p < 0.05). These results suggest that changes in the bax/bcl-2 ratio especially in radiation workers, as a key factor in apoptosis, can be considered as a biological marker in low-dose gamma radiation.

Ruthin's coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis is based on the positive result of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from the nasal and oropharyngeal swab. However, chest CT scans can play an important role in diagnosing patients with COVID-19.

Cases Report:

In this study, we reported a 44 years old female with a mild form of the COVID-19 who showed a positive result for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA for 44 days after symptom onset. The suspected case was detected using real-time PCR. After two weeks of hospitalization, the patient was discharged, but her molecular tests were performed twice after one month and 44 days, and they remained positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA.

In theory, if the patient becomes re-infected or the virus reacts, these individuals may serve as a transmission source. So far, the only way to screen for possible reinfection has been by using PCR on separate specimens.

T-cell receptor excision circles (TREC)/Kappa-deleting recombination excision circles (KREC) assay has been recently recognized for detecting patients with primary (T- and/or B-cell) immunodeficiency (PID). We aimed to investigate the alterations of these biomarkers in some combined immunodeficiency patients compared to the healthy controls in different age groups.TREC and KREC were assessed in a total of 82 PID patients, most of them with exact genetic diagnosis (3 months to 42 years); using quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Patients had a final diagnosis of common variable immunodeficiency (n=23), ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) (n=17), hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES) (7 with DOCK8 deficiency, 4 with signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) deficiency, and 8 children with unknown genetic defects), Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) (n=20), purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP)deficiency(n=1), dedicator of cytokinesis2 (DOCK2) deficiency (n=1), recombinase activating gene1 (RAG1) deficiency (n=1).Very low to zero amounts of TREC and/or KREC were detected in 14 out of 23 cases of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), 14 out of 17 cases of AT, 8 out of 20 cases of WAS, 6 out of 7 cases of DOCK8-deficiency patients, 4 out of 8 cases of HIES with unknown genetic defects and all patients with defects in DOCK2, PNP, and RAG1. STAT3-deficient patients were normal for both biomarkers. All patients showed a significant difference in both markers compared to age-matched healthy controls.
Our findings highlight that apart from severe types of T/B cell defects, this assay can also be used for early diagnosis the patients with late-onset of disease and even PIDs without a positive family history.

Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death among females. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most important risk factor for cervical cancer. The aim of the present study was to explore the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in women who undergo HPV test.

In this descriptive epidemiological study, which was conducted in Mehr Medical Institute, Rasht, Iran from 2019 to 2020, two cervical samples were obtained from each of 301 patients for cytological and real-time PCR evaluation. Genotyping the samples was carried out using the Real-Time PCR technique. Different genotypes were divided into the following groups: 16 and 18 genotypes, other high risk genotypes, possibly low risk and high risk genotypes.

The prevalence of HPV types in the study participants with a mean age of 33.4± 6.5 (18-61) years were 36.5% (n=110). HPV16 and 18 were detected in 28 (25.7%) and 7 patients (6.4%), respectively. Histopathological findings among HPV positive and negative participants were similar. HPV distribution according to women´s age was: group 1 (20-24.9 years, 47%), group 2 (25-29.9 years, 42.6%), group 3 (30-34.9 years, 40.4%), group 4 (35-39.9 years, 27.6%) and group 5 (40≤ years, 28.3%).

The general percentage of HPV positive patients in the local area can be compared to the previous literature. The study includes updates on the prevalence and type of HPV distribution between women of Guilan province in Iran.