Meningococcal infection and its effective antibiotics

eisseria meningitidis is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis and other invasive bacterial infections، both in the United States and worldwide. The role of the meningococcus as a cause of bacterial meningitis has become more important in recent years with the declines in meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae because of the introduction of new conjugate vaccines، Listeria because of efforts to reduce the contamination of food with L. monocytogenes، and group B streptococcus because of the use of chemoprophylaxis during parturition in women. The development of a pneumococcal vaccine six decades ago demonstrated the feasibility of vaccine prevention of invasive encapsulated bacterial diseases. Purified polysaccharide vaccines for serogroups A and C N. meningitidis were developed several decades later. Early vaccines were poorly immunogenic apparently because the polysaccharides that were used were of low molecular weight، whereas vaccines made from polysaccharide with a molecular weight over 100،000 had excellent immunogenicity. Meningococcal conjugate vaccines، are typically T-cell dependent، which as regards of immunologic improvements over polysaccharide vaccines. The carrier proteins used for meningococcal conjugate vaccines have included tetanus toxoid protein، diphtheria toxoid، and diphtheria cross-reactive material (CRM) 197. The immunogenicity of a variety of outer membrane protein- based serogroup B vaccines has been studied. In an evaluation of three doses of a Cuban B: 4: P1. 15 vaccine and a Norwegian B: 15: P1. 7،16 showed that more than two-thirds of children and adults had at least a fourfold rise in SBA، as did at least 90% of infants.