The State of Belief's Logical and Rational Principles of Twelver Shi a in Western Studies on Shi ism

Surveying western studies on Shi’ism، this paper seeks to investigate the western scholar’s knowledge about the logical and rational principles of Twelver Shī’a (Adl and Imama). so first I will review، in some aspects، the works of Madelung، Bar-Asher، Kohlberg، Wansbrung، Buckley، Watt، Halm and Newman، and in the end of the article، respect to positive and negative aspects of the works، I will propose some shi’a’s elements by which scholars revise the twelver shi’a theoretical and practical presentations.