Diagnostic Challenges in Urinary Tract Infections in Children

Context: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common infections in children that affect up to 3% of boys and 8% of girls. Delay in diagnosis and treatment causes renal injury and scars that can progress to end stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis and transplantation.. There are many pitfalls in diagnosis of UTIs both with urinalysis and culture methods and also in evaluating the risk factors and causes of UTIs.. This paper reviews and discusses the common pitfalls in diagnosis and evaluation of UTIs in children..