Methanolic Extract's Activity of Artemisia absinthium, Vitex agnus-castus and Phytolaca americana Against Leishmania major; in vitro and in vivo

Leishmaniasis is the most prevalent vector- borne parasitic disease in Iran. Drug treatment is the best way to treat leishmaniasis, while the common drugs are not efficient enough and inevitable side effects limit using these drugs. The aim of this study was to analyze in vitro and in vivo activity of the methanolic extract of Artemisia absinthium, Vitex agnus-castus and Phytolaca americana Against Leishmania major. The methanolic extracts of Artemisia absinthium, Vitex agnus-castus and Phytolaca americana were prepared by cold percolation method. The inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) of the plant extracts was determined against L. major promastigotes followed by efficacy evaluation of the extracts against amastigotes and in vivo assay in the BALB/c animal model. The data was analyzed with SPSS 19 software using Student's T test and ANOVA. Artemisia absinthium had the highest amount of active compounds against promastigotes of L. major (IC50=159.45) and antiprolifrative activity of Artemisia absinthium on both forms of L. major (extracellular promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes) was the highest (MI=33%). Vitex agnus-castus had the least toxic effect for macrophages (8%). All extracts limited the progression of lesion size versus control group, however, only inhibitory effect of Artemisia absinthium extract was statistically significant. Artemisia absinthium is the most effective growth inhibitor of amastigotes in animal lesions and it is safe for drug application in human and animals.