Analyzing the pattern of the sustainable form of Kermanshah city using quantitative methods

In the recent decades, Rapid horizontal expansion of cities all countries over the world has faced serious challenges. This phenomenon is not only the issues of urban policy largely affected, but the consequences of the intensification of economic, social, political, and environmental management communities involved. This was due to the concerns of the developing countries, particularly after World War II to take measures to resolve the crisis or to inhibit. The main areas of policy measures tall building, mass, changes in tax laws, rules and regulations for the use of its land, improvement and renovation of old texture of ...Been. there are two competing models of sustainable urban development. On the one side there are those who support compact cities. The idea here is that large, dense and concentrated cities will support the principles of sustainable development. However, on the other side, there are those who support the green city, i.e., a more open type of urban structure, where buildings, agricultural fields and other green areas form assort of mosaic-like pattern(holden,2004,104).The rapid development and spread of the urban and adopting policies and strategies to increase density, dispersed urban growth led to the entry of such amendments, compact city, and dispersed the city. (Azizi, 2003, 13), there is a problem the term urban sprawl is widely used in many disciplines dealing with urban development and urban form. and smart growth, has been implemented in the literature. Compared with the pattern or distribution of horizontal growth, more and better benefits of smart growth pattern can help improve the quality of life in cities. Smart Growth will try to accommodate urban development around them within the existing framework, developed to prevent uncontrolled urban expansion in addition, it can also contribute to improving the community, While not in the horizontal growth pattern is consistent with sustainable urban development, the negative consequences of such a model, including the loss of agricultural land around the city, and soil degradation and water pollution, air pollution, increase the cost of providing municipal services, increased and travel time to the city, and the subsequent increase in fossil fuel consumption, social segregation, lack of land use or irregular use of resources is important (Gharakhlou and Zangene Shahraki, 2009,38); The extension of the distance between the place of residence, place of business, commercial centers, and recreation centers and thereby creates the distance, it makes more dependent on private cars and people are forced to travel long distances from to use private cars. Use of personal vehicles due to environmental factors such as pollution (air, noise and radio ...) and also leads to higher energy consumption, which is wasting time, money and mental and neurological disorders leads to. Accordingly, this study sought to answer the question of Kermanshah Urban growth pattern of urban growth pattern of the city of Kermanshah in the last few decades in terms of sustainability?
The methodology of this article is based on descriptive method. and with approach to urban sustainability explains the differences between two types of sprawl and compact city development. this study has been used Gini coefficient, entropy relative Shannon for detection of unbalanced distribution. On the other hand by Other indicators like Gary and Moran coefficients for determining the degree of concentration or density and distribution of population and employment based on the spatial correlation is used. Finally, the model is used for measuring urban growth model Holdren is ugly.
The results of this research show that the population density of Kermanshah has dropped during the past decades. Between 1956 and 2011 the population density of this city decreased from 414 persons per hectare to 81.other results show growth pattern of the city of Kermanshah somewhat scattered, according to calculations made by the coefficients of Genie and entropy relative Shannon and inequality and imbalance in the distribution of population in urban areas. Well as data obtained from Moran and Geary coefficients indicate that the growth pattern of the city closer to the random pattern. Calculations made by Holdren model also show that physical growth of Kermanshah from 1956 to 2011,is only 55 percent of population growth and 45 percent growth is the horizontal (sprawl) this results indicate that During this period, the city is facing with Reduction net density population and increasing per capita gross of land.
This paper addresses the issue of urban growth pattern of Kermanshah in recent decades has been the extent to which the direction of sustainability, questions based on the research conducted, is whether it is possible to achieve a sustainable urban form? What is the relationship between sustainability and urban form? the study has shown that the calculations were based on the growth pattern of the city of Kermanshah Gini coefficient and the relative Shannon entropy is somewhat sparse and inequalities and imbalances in the distribution of population in urban areas, it is evident the figures obtained from Moran and Geary coefficients indicate that the growth pattern of the city and closer to a random pattern of distribution tends to be Holdren model calculations have revealed that 45% of the city's physical growth of the horizontal (sprawl) has been as mentioned above the horizontal distribution pattern of urban growth in developing countries as well as developed countries are becoming more common the main features of this model include: relief and fled and dispersed development, commercial strip development, low density, single-user development (Gharakhlou and zangene Shahraki, 2009, 19-22).
The results also indicate the growth pattern of the city of Kermanshah tendency toward fragmentation and inequality and imbalance in the distribution of population in urban areas is a major cause of instability in the city given the importance of directing development towards sustainability, the need to change the pattern of the scattered pattern is emphasized compact city.