Update Eect of Social Capital in the Iranian Book Market

The discussion of social capital is one of the new topics which have been put forth in the domain of human sciences in recent years. The concept of social capital is related to the twentieth century but before that, sociologis ts have dealt with the subject of social capital indirectly or within the framework of other concepts. In particular, this topic was mos tly put forth in the domain of urban s tudies for the firs t time in the domain of urbanization in 1961 by Ms. Jane Jacobs in USA. The root of the subject of social capital had been put forth earlier in the works of Marx. In fact, Marx initially had dealt with the subject of material capital and gradually he had arrived into the domain of cultural capital and also the social capital. In fact, Marx had a basic emphasize on the subject of solidarity by force and necessity. He had put forth the class conflict in two layers of upper hand and lower hand (capitalis t and worker) meaning that the negative and critical conditions encourage individuals to misuse the collective potential energy and resort to support each other and using the collective potentials. The concept of social capital is also researchable in the works of Georg Simmel in the article of Megacity and Mental Life which has talked about the concept of transaction. Also the concept of social capital is put forth in the works of Emil Durkheim, Talcott Parsons in the light of the concept of value. In the works of Max Weber, it has been put forth within the framework of trus t. But the concept of social capital in the recent period , i.e. after 60’s and 70’s onward has been put forth again by James Kelman in 1966 , by Ben Fine in 1980 , by William Good in 1981 and recently by Francis Fukuyama in the book of the End of the His tory in 1990. From the sociological dimension, Pierre Bourdieu has detached three types of capital and speaks about social capital, economic capital and cultural capital. In fact, Bourdieu considers the social capital as a form of capital which pays attention to the communications and contributions of the members of an organization and can be a tool to reach economic capitals along with cultural capital.