The role of personal knowledge of the Judge in proving the force and duress in unchaste crimes; Theoretical discussions and practical experiences

In the criminal justice system of Iran, personal knowledge of the Judge is a valid evidence in establishing crimes and aggregative condition of punishments.The expediency of hiding of crime is abandoned in the unchaste crimes with force or duress. Proving of such crimes is ofen impossible through confession and testimony. Therefore, most of the victims will be deprived of the criminal justice and more criminals will release. Hence, the legislature, in one hand, introduced the irrefutable presumptions of unchaste crimes and closed down the judiciary arguments. on the other hand, by strengthening the validity of the judge's knowledge, extending of the ways of obtain it and preferring it on the other evidence, has protected the victims and has prosecuted the defendants more strictly.The judicial precedent in this area is passing excessive doubts and entering the path drafted by the legislature.