Attār’s Protest Tone against the Worldly Authorities in Mantiq-u-Tayr

Tone is the method of reading words and sentences in the text space; it originates from individual and collective beliefs and moral, spiritual and psychological characteristics of individuals, which are combined with the rhetoric, form and structure of poetry. Tone has always been considered as one of the most important elements of creating space and influencing the audience, because it expresses the inner feelings and emotions of the author. Based on the chosen subject, an author should be able to choose, far from artificiality, a tone that suits his/ her text. After introducing the tone, its types and manner of its formation, this descriptive-analytical study tries to consider the tone of Attār of Nishapur in opposition to the worldly authorities in the book of Mantiq-u-Tayr and to introduce its different types. The results of the study show that anecdotes are one of the most important areas of tone expression, because they are dialogue-oriented and are formed in dialogue. Attār of Nishapur has created different tones in composing Mantiq-u-Tayr, as one of the most important works of mystical poetry. In general, the tone of protest, especially the protest against the rulers and sultans in his works is more noticeable than other tones. Attār uses a variety of tones against those in power, including the protest tone, the preaching tone, the warning tone, etc., each of which is described separately