Effects of Ganoderma Extraction and Eight-Week Endurance Exercises on Plasma Values Neurotrophic Factors Based on Brain and Nerve Growth in Men with Parkinson's

Parkinsonchr('39')s is the most common motor disease associated with neuronal damage that affects approximately 4 million elderly people worldwide. Neutrophins are important factors in neuronal cell growth, synapse maturation, and synaptic plasticity (plasticity) and include brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), glial cell-derived growth factor (CDNF), and conversion growth factor (TGF). α) are insulin-like growth hormone (IGF-I) and neurotrophins 3 and 4. BDNF and NGF are believed to be involved in the protection of the central nervous system through conservation and neuronal regeneration (4). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ganodermalocidam extract and eight weeks of endurance training on plasma levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in men with Parkinsonchr('39')s disease.

The present study was a quasi-experimental clinical trial. In this study, out of 86 male patients with Parkinsonchr('39')s disease in Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, 24 subjects were purposefully selected and randomly divided into four groups of six (1 placebo, 2 exercises and placebo, 3 supplements and 4 exercises). Complement) were divided. Exercise program for 8 weeks, three sessions per week under the supervision of a physiologist, sports physician and neurologist with an intensity of 50 to 65% of the maximum heart rate in the gym. Blood samples of subjects; It was collected 24 hours before the first session and 24 hours after the last session of exercise and after spending about 10 hours of fasting at night. Special kits were used to measure plasma levels of NGF and BDNF factor by ELISA method. Ganoderma lucidum extract, manufactured by Bayes and approved by the Food and Drug Administration, was provided to the subjects according to their weight. Starch powder was also used as a placebo. One-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used for statistical analysis.

The results showed that there was a significant difference for plasma levels of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in exercise, supplement and supplement-exercise groups. Also, the study of intergroup changes showed a significant difference in post-test compared to pre-test.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between plasma NGF levels in the drug, exercise and drug-exercise groups compared with the control group. Chai et al. (2012) in a study of the protective effect of two types of exercise including swimming and running on a treadmill on the level of NGF in the brain of mice. Five days a week at 20 meters per minute can increase NGF levels and thus be a protective factor against neurological diseases. Yam Sun Love et al. (2011) investigated the protective effects of forced exercise on a treadmill on Parkinsonchr('39')s subjects. In this study, DA, TH and NGF levels in the exercise group had a significant increase compared to the control group. One of the mechanisms of effect of Ganoderma lucidem supplementation on Parkinsonchr('39')s disease was an increase in NGF levels, which is a protective factor for neurons. Parkinsonchr('39')s disease causes oxidative damage to dopaminergic cells. Ganoderma has been reported to stimulate lipoxygenase, an ROS inhibitor. Ganoderma lucidum extract can also reduce ROS in the liver due to its ability to reduce lipid peroxidation (Sargazi, 2017). The combination of exercise effects with supplements can be explained by several mechanisms. First, exercise can facilitate the production of NGF by increasing the available energy of nerve cells and the maturation of NGF precursors. Second, supplementation of Ganoderma lucidum extract can affect the expression of NGF in nerve cells by nuclear or classical and non-nuclear or neoclassical pathways (Sargazi, 2017). It should be noted that exercise increases the effectiveness of this neurotrophic factor by increasing the expression of NGF receptors at the cell surface. On the other hand, supplementation with Ganoderma lucidum extract has the same role for the P75 receptor. Therefore, Ganoderma lucidem supplementation and exercise can also be complementary in the expression and effectiveness of NGF mechanisms of action in neurons.The results also showed that there was a significant difference between plasma BDNF levels in the drug, exercise and drug-exercise groups compared with the control group. BDNF, which protects neurons from damage and disease There areindications that BDNF also has antioxidant activity. Regulation of the additive activity of BDNF and 1TrkB has been shown to have an antioxidant effect in the brain (TSi et al., 2012). In other words, one of the roles assigned to BDNF is its antioxidant role and increase resistance to oxidative stress (Clamp et al., 2015). BDNF increases with exercise and affects neurons in the central nervous system. This factor increases the excitability of synaptic transmission and decreases inhibitory synaptic transmission. Animal studies have shown that daily exercise triggers the release of various neurotransmitters in the brain, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and especially BDNF. 2017). Johnson et al. (2013) in a study that examined the effect of voluntary running on BDNF in mice found that following the 7-night running pattern in the experimental group showed a significant increase in BDNF. The results of this study suggest that exercise-induced neural variability is potentially increased. Another therapeutic property and benefits of Ganoderma lucidum coffee is that when you drink this coffee, a substance called brain neurogenic factor (BDNF) is released in the brain, which strengthens muscle strength. If BDNF is not secreted, the muscles become weak. In this way, it prevents the reduction of force due to old age and disease, and thus reduces the risk of muscle wasting, especially in people with Parkinsonchr('39')s disease (Keypour et al., 2013).The results of this study showed that exercise and consumption of Ganoderma extract cause a significant change in neurotransmitters in older men with Parkinsonchr('39')s disease. Of course, exercise alone did not have a significant effect on the values of these indicators. Therefore, it seems that exercise with the characteristics of the present study program alone has no effect on these indicators and should be accompanied by supplementation with Ganoderma lucidum extract to strengthen the neuroprotective effects. Therefore, to investigate the role of exercise on these variables in the plasma serum of Parkinsonchr('39')s patients, other studies are needed in which different intensities and periods are examined. As a result, it is possible that the protocol used in this study could be recommended to increase the neuroprotection of striated dopaminergic cells against Parkinsonchr('39')s disease predisposing factors and ultimately to improve brain health. Also, according to the results of this study, it is clear that the use of Ganoderma lucidum extract can be used as an uncomplicated and most effective pre-treatment tool compared to other chemical drugs.