The third-party awareness due to the legal announcement as a legal fiction from the perspective of the Iranian and French commercial law

In Iranian commercial law, there are a lot of cases in which the registration and legal announcement publication is forced by law as a necessary legal process. The most important effect of such a compulsion is that the third-party is assumed to be informed about it, so that the legislator can guarantee the trading strength and legal order on the basis of that fiction. This legal fiction could be considered as one of the main and direct effects of commercial registration and announcement, and it is applied when, on one hand, the announcement is lawful, and on the other hand, the announcement is made by a legal means such as the official journal or any other way that is specified by law. In such circumstances, even if third parties are not aware, such a claim will not be accepted in the courts. In other words, this fiction poses a serious challenge to third-party good faith in cases where the announcement has been made.