An overview on state-of-the-art methods for production and storage of hydrogen as a sustainable

With the growing level of welfare and economic development of societies, sustainable energy supply as a driver of growth has become one of the fundamental human challenges. In recent decades, excessive consumption of fossil fuels has raised concerns about energy security and climate change. Therefore, the use of renewable and sustainable energy sources has become a priority. One of the renewable sources of energy that has high conversion efficiency is hydrogen and fuel cell technology. Electricity generation from other renewable sources such as wind, solar, hydropower, and geothermal has several limitations due to their dependence on environmental and climatic conditions. Among the introduced green options, hydrogen has converted to an option that meets the essentials of sustainable development for energy production and storage because of its abundance and diversity of production sources. Hydrogen is an attractive energy carrier for electricity generation and transportation applications due to its high potential energy efficiency and low emissions. Currently, most of the hydrogen needs (more than 90 percent) are produced from hydrocarbon sources. The global demand for hydrogen is about 70 million tons, of which more than 90 percent is spent on refining fossil fuels and producing chemicals. In this research, the hydrogen production and storage processes have been studied.