The importance of nutrition in gene expression, replication, repair and prevention of DNA damage

Since nutrition affects all the interactions of the body, especially the genome as well as the expression of genes, and all organisms are always feeding, and without feeding life is not possible. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review the role of nutrition in gene expression, DNA replication, prevention of DNA damage and DNA repair.

In this study, the keywords such as cancer, ribonuclease, ribonuclease inhibitor and RNA were used to search in databases including Scopus, SID, IranDoc, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Iran Medex. In order to select the documents used, all articles published in non-English and Persian languages, duplicate articles, articles that could not be accessed to the full text, as well as articles that were presented as abstracts were removed. Finally, the selected cases were thoroughly studied and summarized in order to prepare the current review.

Regulation of gene expression is essential to life and health and is sensitive to endogenous and dietary and other environmental factors that exert their action at multiple levels and by multiple mechanisms. There are important and intimate links between diet/nutrition, metabolic status, signaling pathways, and gene regulation. Postgenomic technologies including microarray hybridization and massive next-generation sequencing (RNA-Seq) enable nowadays highthroughput analysis, at genome-wide level, of the transcriptome and its dynamics (presence and quantity of RNAs, RNA expression patterns). Further, changes induced by dietary or other factors in TF binding site occupancy, chromatin features, global patterns of transcript decay, and translational profiling can also be studied nowadays at a genome-wide level. There is overwhelming evidence that a large number of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) are required as cofactors for enzymes or as part of the structure of proteins (metalloenzymes) involved in DNA repair, prevention of oxidative damage to DNA, as well as maintenance and methylation of DNA. The role of micronutrients in the maintenance of genome stability has been extensively reviewed. Some of micronutrients involved in various genome stability processes. There are various mechanisms by which micronutrient deficiency could cause DNA damage, accelerate senescence and chromosomal instability.

Integration of results from these varied technologies will ultimately allow a comprehensive, system-wide understanding of gene expression control and of diet-gene-health relationships in modern nutrition science.