"Badness" a moral vice in two pre and post Islamic exhortatory Text

Philosophers have offered many meanings and descriptions for morality. Morality is not an alien factor to the world, in fact it is interweaved with every aspect of the world. This becomes apparent in metaphor and materialization of moral deeds in word views. The purpose of this research is to use analytical and literature review methods to compare and analyze the “Badness” metaphor in two famous Persian texts, . We also aim to understand the source domains of this metaphor based on the contemporary metaphor theory. Lakoff and Johnson (2003) believe that metaphors are cognitive tools that humans use to make abstract concepts more comprehendible. Our analysis showed that the "Badness is a thing" name-of-mapping n both Mēnōg- ī- Xrad (with 60%) and Golestan (with 67%) has the highest occurrence frequncy. This shows that even although Mēnōg- ī- Xrad is a pre-Islamic text and Golestan post-Islamic, their moral content are in fact two aspects of a singular world view when looked through a philosophical lens. Both texts believe that the world has multiple orders (the material life and the after life) and the materialization of each moral act will manifest itself in th next order of being (after life)