Rational Good and Bad according to Legal Theorists

The issue of good and bad (ḥusn and qubḥ) is very important in sciences such as theology and philosophy inasmuch as some very key doctrinal and moral issues are related to it (rational good and bad). Something being good or bad, the belief in the Hereafter or God being just etc are among the issues that are based on the concept of ḥusn and qubḥ. This issue has been debated and dealt with by Muslim and non-Muslim scholars since the middle of the first century AH. However, since many issues of ʿIlm al- Uṣūl (legal theories) are based on the issue of good and bad, the scholars of legal theories have scrutinized this topic on various occasions. What is discussed in this article is the opinion of Uṣūlīs, Ash'arites, Akhbaris and philosophers about whether good and bad are rational and essential. For example, is something good because God has said that it is good or it is good in and of itself? The divine command theory is a matter of contention and controversy and it has, finally, been proved that good and bad are rational. In this article, many sources dealing with legal theories have been referred to and the books used are mostly authored by early Muslim scholars and non-contemporaries. However, the opinions of contemporary and more recent scholars have also been studied and taken into consideration.