Locationing Sports Uses in Mashhad upon Passive Defense Approach: Identifying and Explaining Criteria

The present study aims at identifying and explaining the criteria of the Locationing model of sports uses in Mashhad upon a passive defense approach. The statistical population of the qualitative section includes 33 university management professors majoring in sports management and urban management professors and a number of experts in charge of the passive defense organization and the municipal and the statistical population of the quantitative section includes all managers, experts, coaches and athletes using Mashhad sports complexes by means of objective sampling method, 33 experts including university management professors majoring in sports management and urban management professors and a number of experts in charge of passive defense organization and municipality were objectively selected. Likewise, a total of 200 managers, experts, coaches and athletes, using sports complexes in Mashhad, were selected as a small community. In this research, the researcher prepared a researcher-made questionnaire including 78 items and 8 dimensions using the Thematic Technique. In the qualitative section, it was found that the criteria of factors related to emergency and medical measures, safety factors related to the stadium, factors related to access, factors related to law enforcement and security measures, factors related to video surveillance, factors related to services and urban affairs, factors related to the neighborhood and factors related to the principles of urban architecture are effective in the location of sports uses in Mashhad with a passive defense approach. In the quantitative section, by studying 11 sports complexes, it was determined that Imam Reza (AS), Mehran and Misaq sports complexes regarding passive defense criteria in a are suitable condition and Samen, Takhti, Sajjad, Kazemian, Kargaran, Beheshti and the Mojha-ye-Abi and Khorushan are in a bad situation regarding the standards of passive defense. Unfortunately, today, in Iran, many sports venues could be named, which are out of service because of this reason and they have been built only on the basis of an order by the senior manager in the first level, regardless of the needs and structure of the region, as well as the pointless interventions of some people to gain advantage.