Environmental factors affecting seed germination and seedling emergence of waxy-leaved mustard Boreava orientalis

Wax y -leaved mustard Boreava orientalis Jaub. and Spach. has recently become farmland invasive weed in the Kurdistan province , Iran. Hence this study was conducted better to understand the seed germination ec ology of B. orientalis. Therefore, in this study, the effect of temperature and osmotic potential, salinity , and burial depth on seed germination and seedling emergence of B. orientalis was investigated in the Weed Research Laboratory of the University of Kurdistan in 2020 . Seed germination of B. orientalis was determined at 10, 20, 30 , and 35 °C. Boreava orientalis seeds were germinated in an aqueous solution with the osmotic potential of 0, 3, 6, 9 , and 12 MPa. The levels of salt stress consisted of control 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM. The burial depths were 0, 3, 6, 9 , and 12 cm. The results revealed that germination started at 5 ºC with 0 osmotic potential , and no germination occurred at 30 and 35 °C with different osmotic potentials. The Lowest germination was at 30 and 35 °C; the highest was at 0 Mm NaCl concentration, and the lowest was at 200 Mm of NaCl. The highest germination was at 0 depth , and the lowest was at 12 cm. T hese results indicate that the germination of this weed species is sensitive and thus greatly reduced under drought and high -temperature conditions. It was also sensitive to both salinity stress and deep burial.