Clinical Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Glaucoma

Ophthalmology is one of the major imaging-intensive fields of medicine and thus has potential for extensive applications of artificial intelligence (AI) to advance diagnosis, drug efficacy, and other treatment-related aspects of ocular disease. AI has made impressive progress in ophthalmology within the past few years and two autonomous AIenabled systems have received US regulatory approvals for autonomously screening for mid-level or advanced diabetic retinopathy and macular edema. While no autonomous AI-enabled system for glaucoma screening has yet received US regulatory approval, numerous assistive AI-enabled software tools are already employed in commercialized instruments for quantifying retinal images and visual fields to augment glaucoma research and clinical practice. In this literature review (non-systematic), we provide an overview of AI applications in glaucoma, and highlight some limitations and considerations for AI integration and adoption into clinical practice.