Investigating semantic types in the contemporary monumental landscape(Case studies: monumental landscapes of the recent century in Iran)

Modern international approaches in the landscape design of contemporary monuments as memorial sites of human memory have a specialized landscape design in urban public spaces, which requires comprehensive studies in memorial landscape of Iran. The main question of the research is : "What are the semantic types of the contemporary memorial landscape of Iran?". so the aim of the current research is to develop a typology model of the explicit and implicit meanings of the contemporary monumental landscape, which has been tested in the study sample of the recent centenary memorial landscapes of Iran. The present qualitative research, with using a comparative analytical method, develops a conceptual model of the contemporary Iranian memorial landscapes typology, which is trying to achieve the morphological types of the objective landscape and the content types of the subjective landscape in the representative samples of the contemporary Iranian memorial landscape. Based on this, the explicit meanings of the objective landscapes have been studied through " physical types of monuments ", the implicit meanings of the subjective landscapes through " narrative types of memories " as well as the explicit-implicit meanings with "archetypal types of monuments". In order to form the proposed hypothetical model, the classification of the types was done based on the Theoretical studies, and for testing the hypothesis, each extracted types and sub-types were analyzed by random selection of 2 case studies of the memorial landscape of the recent century in Iran. In the selection of samples to increase the reliability and validity of the research, the case studies were selected in the first stage by the researcher with the tool of observation and review of texts and in the next stage through interview with experts; which three experts in the field of landscape architecture and three experts in the field of landscape architecture reviewed the resulting classification and the desired corrections were applied. The findings indicate that in the typology of contemporary monumental landscapes of Iran, physical types include "macro-scale, medium-scale, and small-scale urban types", narrative types carrying "collective value-narrative, spatial-narrative, and individual-narrative" and archetypal types including "noor water, arch-dome, grave and Stella" which by examining their strengths and weaknesses, the following suggestions have been made for landscape design in the desired types: using the symbolism and social symbols of that society, audience-oriented and considering his role and needs, avoiding the construction of decorative monuments without deep connection with people, combining the work with daily life in public spaces, , Using abstract forms to avoid the representation of pre-prepared narratives, opening the way for free interpretation for different and even contradictory perceptions of memorial space users, avoiding populism in designing a form with the participation of the audience and execution by experts.Considering the necessity of discovering the meaning from the audience of monuments in contemporary counter-monumental landscapes,the current research with a semantic typology in the contemporary memorial landscapes of Iran lays the groundwork for future studies for physical-content investigations on the part of the audience in the face of the memorial landscapes.